Essay_Structure英语写作格式.ppt

1、1,The Essay Structure,Generally speaking, an essay structure is like this: Introductory paragraph Body paragraphs Concluding paragraph,2,The introduction has two parts, each working for these purposes.,introduce the topic of the essay General statements give background information on the topic,The i

2、ntroductory paragraph,3,states the main topic The thesis lists the subdivisions of the topic statement may indicate the method of organization of the entire paper is usually the last sentence in the introductory paragraph,4,An introduction has four purposes. -It introduces the topic of the essay. -

3、It gives a general background of the topic. - It often indicates the overall “plan” of the essay. -It should arouse the readers interest in the topic.,5,Sample (of an introductory paragraph),A person born in the 21st century has seen a lot of changes take place in almost all areas of human life. Som

4、e people are excited by the challenges that these changes offer; others want to return to the simpler, less automated life style of the past. Living in the twentieth century offers certain advantages, such as a higher standard of living, but it also has some disadvantages, such as a polluted environ

5、ment, the depersonalization of human relationships, and the weakening of spiritual values.(Thesis statement),6,Background Information,General,Specific,More Specific,Thesis Statement,7,The body (topical) paragraph(Paragraph structure),a topic sentence supporting details a concluding sentence + (trans

6、itional sentences),A. The topic sentence (consisting of the topic and the controlling idea),e.g. Convenience foods are easy to prepare.,8,Topic Sentence at the Beginning Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones, exert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, an

7、d their winds can reach velocities of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The energy that is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by humanki

8、nd throughout the world in one year.,-The placement of the topic sentence,9,Topic Sentence at the Beginning and End Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopstick

9、s. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involvi

10、ng one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.,10,Topic Sentence in the Middle Californians and New Englanders are both Amer

11、ican. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility-both physical and psychological-has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.,1

12、1,Topic Sentence at the End Albert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses, failed in his university entrance examination on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered

13、 one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These few examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.,12,Topic Sentence Implied First you must wait for a sunny day. Remember that the rays of the sun are

14、most direct between 11 A.M. and 2 P.M. This is the time when you will tan the quickest. At the right time and on the right day, pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat. You may want to bring along several things: suntan oil, a portable radio, a book or magazine, sunglasses,

15、 a pillow. It is a good idea not to stay in the sun too long at first. (continued),13,Begin with a half hour, and then gradually increase the time you spend in the sun. Certain parts of your body will burn more quickly than others. These include the backs of your knees, the insides of your elbows, y

16、our shoulders, and your nose. Be sure to cover these spots with suntan oil when you first go outside. Cover them again with oil after you have been out in the sun for a while. (end),14,-Two reminders to keep in mind when writing a topic sentence A topic sentence should be neither too general nor too

17、 specific.,e.g. -American food is terrible. -American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged food and because everything is fried in oil or butter.,15,Do not include too many unrelated ideas in your topic sentence; if you do, your paragraph will n

18、ot be unified.,-American food is tasteless and greasy.,e.g. San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions, and its cosmopolitan atmosphere.,Revised: San Francisco is famous for its many tourist attractions.,16,Sample: Londons weather is very strange. It can rain sev

19、eral times a day; each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly. The air is damp and chill right through July. On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times, there was one hail storm, and the sun shone brilliantly-all this within two hours time. It

20、is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms. No one knows what the next few moments will bring.,17,B. The concluding sentence,A concluding sentence serves three purposes. -It signals the end of the paragraph. -It summarizes the main poi

21、nts of the paragraph. -It gives a final comment on your topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.,18,Review: What is a paragraph (topical paragraph)?,A good topic sentence a. is a complete sentence with a subject, a verb and generally a complement b. states both the t

22、opic and the controlling idea of the paragraph c. is neither too general nor too specific. It states the main idea clearly, but it does not give the specific details. d. is usually (but not always) the first sentence in the paragraph,19,2. A good concluding sentence a. signals the end of the paragra

23、ph. b. summarizes the important points briefly.,20,The concluding paragraph,The concluding paragraph consists of A summary of the main idea or B. restatement of youre your thesis in different words and C. Your final comment on the subject,21,Sample (of a concluding paragraph),In conclusion, although

24、 the 21st century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer, healthier and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in my opinion, not made us wise. The twentieth century has also made our earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our spiritual lives poorer. We should continue to enjoy t

25、he benefits of technological advancements because they free us to pursue our interests and goals. However, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal, and computerized world.,22,Transitional paragraphs,A transitional paragraph usually performs two functions: it summarizes or evaluates previous materials and it foreshado