Unit_8大学英语

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（上） INTEGRATED COURSE,Unit 8,Smarter Transportation,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Work in pairs. Choose your favorite car from the cars given on P220 and tell your partner why you like it best.,Starting ou

2、tTask 1,Task 2 Role play. Work out a conversation with your partner in which one of you dreams of having a car and lists the benefits, while the other plays the opposing role and complains about the damage caused by cars.,Starting outTask 2,Useful words and expressions: Benefits: convenient, comfort

3、able, luxurious, enjoy freedom, higher standard of living, privacy, independence, take better care of the young and the aged, protected from pick pockets, Shortcomings: jam the roads, energy-consuming, high cost, emissions, air pollution, theft from car parks, breakdowns, stressful driving.,Starting

4、 outTask 2,Starting out-Task 2,Task 3 Discuss with your group members how to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities? You may give some suggestions on how to improve the roads and traffic regulations and how to make cars smarter to avoid being caught in traffic jams.,GPS (Global Positionin

5、g System) guides drivers to the right place without wondering about on the streets. Cars can be made smaller, too. The latest concept cars are foldable in order to save parking space.,Starting out-Task 2,The Hidden Danger of Seat Belts,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,It is well-known that seat belt is o

6、ne of the safety measures aiming to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce car crashes. Why does the writer say there are “hidden dangers” caused by buckling seat belts? Would you give an example to support this statement?,Background Information,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Its common knowle

7、dge that _ _. But, according to John Adams _ _. Adams explains his research in terms of _. For example, seat belts may cause _, and thus pose risks to _. There are many factors that affect risk, including _.,Complete the following extract.,seat belts decrease our,.,risk of dying in an accident,the r

8、eality is messier and more complicated,than that,risk compensation,people to drive more recklessly,other passengers or pedestrians as well as themselves,financial, physical or emotional rewards,Task 2,Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text.,Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7

9、 8 9 10,A,B,A,A,B,B,A,B,B,A,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Step One In the text, the author said:,Seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly. Seat belts save lives. A young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe car crash than i

10、s a middle-aged woman.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,Step Two Discuss in groups:,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,What safety measures have been included in car designs? Why does John Adams say that driving at 3:00 a.m. on a Sunday one is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at

11、 10:00 a.m.? Can you explain this situation according to the risk compensation theory?,1. Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white. (Para. 1) black and white: 1) (of a photograph, film, television programme, or illustration) in black,

12、 white, shades of grey, and no other colour e.g. old black-and-white movies 2) (of a situation or debate) involving clearly defined opposing principles or issues e.g. It was all grey areas; no black-and-white certainties.,Reading Focus Language Point,2. What he found was that contrary to conventiona

13、l wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net increase in road accident deaths. (Para. 2) mandate: require (something) to be done; make mandatory e.g. The government began mandating better car safety.,Reading Focus Language Point,3. If he is

14、 wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly. (Para. 3) to boot: used at the end of a list of remarks to emphasize them e.g. 1) He is kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 2) She was a great sportswoman, and beautif

15、ul to boot.,Reading Focus Language Point,4. In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities. (Para. 4) redistribute: v. to give something to each member of a group so that it is d

16、ivided up in a different way from before 再分配，再分发 e.g.: Their primary concern was to redistribute income from rich to poor.,Reading Focus Language Point,5. Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark. (Para. 5) benchmar

17、k: something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured 基准 e.g. 1) The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to judge other prices. 2) Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the childs progress at school can be measured.,Reading Focus Langua

18、ge Point,Key to step 1 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-,Task 1 Step 1 Match the words in the left column with their correct meanings in the right column. Note that each word has more than one meaning.,e, m,c, j,b, q,g, n,a, f, l,h, i,k, o,d, p,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,boot,bound,fatal,negotiate,net

19、,the odds,reward,vacuum,Step 2,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase and write down the corresponding meaning (marked aq in the table above) at the end of each sentence. Change the form if necessary.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Key to step 2 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9-

20、10-,boot (m),vacuum (p),rewarded(o),reward (k),net (f),negotiating (n),odds (h),odds (i),Fatal (b),negotiations (g),Task 2 Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from each group. Change the form if necessary.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,1. black and white in black and w

21、hite A. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as _. B. Once its down _, you cant forget it. C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ movies on Saturday afternoon television.,black and white,in black and white,black-and-white,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,2. on the scene behi

22、nd the scenes set the scene A. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _. B. Foster _ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect. C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or _.,on the scene,set the scene,behind the scene,Reading Focus V

23、ocabulary in Action,3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no difference A. He told me he should have been more careful, but that it would _. B. The lighting will _ to how well people can see the picture. C. Will exercise _ to my chances of getting fat? D. A few kind w

24、ords at the right time _ _.,make no difference,make a difference,make any difference,make all the difference,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,4. work on work out work against A. If you _ it steadily you should win through in the end. B. Criticising the security procedures usually _ making them eff

25、ective. C. Why dont you leave him here till you see how things _?,work on,work against,work out,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,5. spread out spread through spread to A. Buddhism _ China from India. B. Felix watched his men _ to cover the whole area. C. A mass movement against forced labor _ the

26、state.,spread to,spread out,spread through,Task 3 Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the four choices given below.,Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,A,B,B,D,A,B,C,B,D,C,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS,Reading More,Reading More

27、,Global Understanding,Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Language Points,Vocabulary in Action,1,2,3,4,5,Answer the following questions: 1. What is the usual solution for reducing traffic in major cities? _. 2. What does ITS refer to? _. 3. How can ITS solve traffic problems? _ _ _ _,To widen hig

28、hways.,ITS solves the problems through engineering and technology. That is to say, by combining the hardware, software, and networking necessary to gather, process, and distribute information about traffic flows.,Intelligent Transportation System.,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,4. What does the wr

29、iter want to say by citing the example of EMS? _ _. 5. What is the first step in running an ITS system? _ 6. What is used in the data collecting stage? _,ITS will improve the safety and eficiency of providing emergency help on city freeways.,Information gathering.,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,In

30、frared cameras, loop detectors and computers.,7. What is the second step of running an ITS system? _ 8. What is the third step? What is this step equipped with? _ _ _.,Transmitting the gathered information.,Collecting and processing the data. A central station is needed. It is equipped with a powerf

31、ul mainframe computer and a lot of storage space.,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,9. What is the significance of using ITS? _ _ _ _ _ _. 10. Why does the US government support ITS? _ _ _,By processing and analyzing data, the system works out traffic congestion patterns and makes predictions on the

32、possible occurrences of congestion on certain routes. This helps reduce traffic congestion, and engineers are able to accurately and quickly monitor the entire system.,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,Because governments and politicians have realized that we need to make the highways smarter, not ju

33、st wider.,Task 2 Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text. Key: 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10),T,F,F,F,T,T,T,F,Reading MoreDetailed Information,F,T,Critical Thinking,Reading More,Discuss in groups the following questions. 1. Scientists have developed

34、 an Intelligent Driver Information System (IDIS). Although drivers cant see IDIS, they have benefited from the system. To name a few, drivers will be given a warning if they doze off while driving, if they are distracted in intensive traffic situations, and if the washer fluid level is low. Imagine

35、as wild as you can and describe what you want the IDIS to do for you with your dream car.,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,2. In a car accident in Hangzhou on May 7, 2009, a university graduate was hit to death by a sport car driver, who was speeding on a crowded city road. The case has aroused a heate

36、d discussion on civic safety and security endangered by speeding and other poor driving habits. What should be done to stop such drivers from causing more deaths?,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,3. Have you ever encountered any dangerous situations in traffic? Or have you witnessed any dangerous behav

37、iors of some drivers? What do you think of such experiences? 4. Some lawyers propose that heavily speeding behavior should be sued for endangering civic safety and innocent lives. The most severe punishment can well be death penalty. Whats your opinion?,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,1. Personal tran

38、sportation is truly a marvel of the twentieth century. (Para. 1) marvel: something or someone that is extremely useful or skilful e.g. 1) The bridge is an engineering marvel. 2) It is a marvel that the patient has a place where recovered completely.,Reading More Language Point,2. If the system is in

39、tegrated into the transportation infrastructure so that EMS is alerted within seconds of a traffic accident, many lives can be saved. (Para. 4) integrated into: with combine or work together in a way that makes something more effective e.g. 1) We must integrate theory with practice. 2) Transport pla

40、nning should be integrated with energy policy,Reading More Language Point,3. The problem is that it would require a massive workforce to successfully implement this sort of program in a major city like Los Angeles. (Para.5) implement : to take action or make changes that you have officially decided

41、should happen e.g. 1) Knowing how to implement those changes is procedural knowledge. 2) Very few parties in government ever want to implement major political reform.,Reading More Language Point,4. This is a massive undertaking; imagine connecting a huge number of sensors spread out over the freeway

42、 system of an entire city! (Para. 10) spread out: to cover a large area e.g. 1) The city spread out below her looked so calm. 2) The search party spread out to search the surrounding fields.,Reading More Language Point,5. The United States government is backing ITS as a more useful method to solve t

43、he traffic problem than just building more roads. (Para.13) backing: to support someone or something especially with money, power, or influence e.g.:,Reading More Language Point,1) The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region. 2) There is a new witness to back his claim that h

44、e is a victim of mistaken identity.,6. Improvements are constantly being worked on. (Para. 13) work on: to spend time making or fixing something e.g. 1) He has been working on a new novel for over a year now. 2) Every weekend you see him working on his car.,Reading More Language Point,Task 1,accommo

45、date astounding autonomous congestion equivalent implement integrate make a difference metropolitan occurrence optical permanent spread out work on,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary.,1. Migrant workers are to be _ near the place

46、where they work. 2. He treated us as _ individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues. 3. Parking near the school causes severe traffic _.,congestion,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,accommodated,autonomous,4. People and corporations are _ entities under the law. 5. We

47、 should go a step further to _ scientific and technological advances with economic development. 6. The choice of research design _ to the substantive results. 7. The _ area of Boston is a major center for technology manufacturing, publishing, banking, and finance. 8. Words listed in this book _ freq

48、uently. 9. Last night Mr. Brown was _ the final details of his 4 billion giveaway. 10. A(n) _ employee is one who is employed for an unlimited length of time.,equivalent,integrate,makes a difference,metropolitan,occur,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,working on,permanent,1. The man signalled for me

49、 to _ the children together. 2. They started out by looking at the computer screens which _ the images. 3. Why bother baking a potato when a packet of _ is at hand? 4. If you _ information or evidence, you collect it, especially over a period of time and after a lot of hard work. 5. The gates are _

50、by a computerized system.,crisps (a),display (c),gather (a),Reading More Vocabulary in Action,Task 2,Read the words and their explanations in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary.,gather (b),controlled (a),6. He was _ an

51、d well groomed but not very clever. 7. An audio-visual _ gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship. 8. The autumn sky is clear and the air is _. 9. _ bombs and weapons are guided by computers and lasers so that they hit their targets accurately. 10. The work _ arrived to rep

52、air the broken fence.,smart (c),display (b),crisp (c),Smart (b),Reading More Vocabulary in Action,party (c),Task 3,Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is the name given to the 1) _ of computer and communication technologies to transport problems. In a(n) 2) _ changing society the emphasis on road te

53、chnology improvements to assist in road 3) _ has been identified. The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the 4) _ of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the box. Change t

54、he form if necessary.,application,rapidly,management,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,collection,Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s. The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the 5) _ of the Electro