化学物质英文命名规律全

1、Specialized English for Chemistry,Introduction,Difference between Public English and Specialized English Contents: * Reading Skills * Translating Skills * Literature Searching * Writing Skills,科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。,一、大量使用名词化结构 因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。 二、广泛使用被动语句 科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。 例如：

2、Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。,三、非限定动词 使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。 A di

3、rect current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. 热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。 四、后置定语 大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。,In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似

4、的辐射能。 The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。 五、常用句型 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It-that-结构句型；被动态结构句型；分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。,It was not until

5、 the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy. 直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。 Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy .氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。 Ice keeps the same temperature while melting . 冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。 All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, are made of atoms . 一切物

6、质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。,七、复合词与缩略词 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词。 feed-back反馈（双词合成名词） work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词） hard to-separate MEK 甲乙酮,六、长句 为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词。,colorimeter色度计 ft (foot/feet)英尺 full-enclosed 全封闭的,Contents,Chapter 1 Nomenclature of Ino

7、rganic Compounds Chapter 2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Two systems of naming compounds： customary names， IPUPAC Rules （the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry）,Two systems of naming compounds,H2O Water CaO quicklime NH3 Ammonia CaCO3 limestone Hg2Cl2 Calomel,CuI CuI2 FeBr2 FeBr3

8、SnCl2 SnCl4,Cuprous iodide Cupric iodide Ferrous bromide Ferric bromide Stannous chloride Stannic chloride,Copper(I)iodide Copper(II)iodide Iron(II)bromide Iron(III)bromide Tin(II)choride Tin(IV)chloride,6. hex(a)- ( sex(a)-); 7. hept(a)- (sept(a)-); 8. oct(a)-; 9. non(a)-; 10. dec(a)-,mono-; 2. di-

9、; 3. tri-; 4. tetra-; 5. penta-;,词首：mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- 一， 二， 三， 四， 五 hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- 六 七 八 九 十 meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲 乙 丙 丁 戊 已 hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚 辛 壬 葵 环 聚,常用数字前缀 ：,Chapter 1 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,Table 1 Some Co

10、mmon Ions,Table 1 Some Common Ions,Table 1 Some Common Ions,Table 1 Some Common Ions,Table 1 Some Common Ions,Table 2 Names of some metal oxides, bases, and salts,Table 3 Names of oxyanions,Table 3 Names of oxyanions,Table 4 Names of some nonmetal oxides,Table 5 Names of some acids,Thioacids,thio- i

11、ndicates the replacement of oxygen by sulfur.,thiosulfurous acid 硫代亚硫酸 thiosulfuric acid 硫代硫酸 thiocyanic acid 硫氰酸 monothiophosphoric acid 单硫代磷酸 dithiophosphoric acid 二硫代磷酸 trithiocarbonic acid 三硫代碳酸,H2S2O2 H2S2O3 HSCO H3PO3S H3PO2S2 H2CS3,Acid and Basic salts,A salt containing acidic hydrogen is ter

12、med an acid salt.,Na2HPO4 NaH2PO4 Na3PO4 NaHCO3 Ca(HSO3)2,disodium hydrogen phosphate bi-,sodium dihydrogen phosphate,normal sodium phosphate, or trisodiumphosphate,sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydrogen carbonate,calcium bisulfite,basic salts The OH group in a basic salt is called an hydroxy group.

13、,bismuth dihydroxy nitrate,Bi(OH)2NO3,mixed salts (double salts) If the hydrogen atoms in an acid are replaced by two or more different metals, a mixed salt results. NaKSO4 KMgF3 KNaCO3 MgNH4 6H2O,potassium sodium sulfate,magnesium potassium fluoride,potassium sodium carbonate,ammonium magnesium pho

14、sphate 6-water,bismuth chloride oxide,BiClO,ammonium magnesiumphosphate hexahydrate(or 6- water) aluminum potassium sulfate 12- water pentacalcium fluoride tris(phosphate) magnesium chloride hydroxide,MgNH4PO4 6H2O AlK(SO4)2 12H2O Ca5F(PO4)3 MgCl(OH),Cations other than hydrogen are cited in alphabet

15、ical order; Anions are to be cited in alphabetical order. So there may be differences in formulas and names.,Names of Bases,元素名称 + hydroxide NaOH：sodium hydroxide； KOH： potassium hydroxide Hydrides,H2O NH3 BH3,water ammonia borane5bEurein,PH3 AsH3 SiH4,phosphine arsine silane,N2H4 5haidrEzi:n SbH3,h

16、ydrazine,stibine,Ask yourself (Objective features of the paper),Who is going to read this? What is the problem has been solved? Which method did the author use? Is the work new and relevant(有关的；中肯的；有重大作用的 )? What are the contributions? Are there remaining unsolved questions?,Homework,Coordination Co

17、mpounds,In names the central atom is placed after the ligands .The ligands are listed in alphabetical order regardless of the number of each. Names of complex anions end in ate. Complex cation and neutral molecules are given no distinguishing ending.,The names for anionic ligands end in o (-ido, -it

18、o, and -ato commonly),LiAlH4 K2OsCl5N K2Cr(CN)2O2(O2)NH3,lithium tetrahydroaluminate potassium pentachloronitridoosmate(VI),potassium amminedicyanodioxoperoxochromate(VI),Some exceptions are recognized (Page 38) Neutral and cationic ligands are given no special endings. Water and ammonia are called

19、aqua and ammine. Groups such as NO and CO are named as radicals and are treated as neutral ligands. BaBrF4 KCrF4O NaBH(OCH3)3,barium tetrafluorobromate potassium tetrafluorooxochromate(V) sodium hydrotrimethoxoborate(III),pentaaquahydroxoaluminum(III) ion diamminetrichloro(dimethylamine) cobalt(III)

20、,Al(OH)(H2O)52+ CoCl3(NH3)2(CH3)2NH,Chapter 2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons:（烃类命名法） 1）Aliphatic Hydrocarbons（FattyHydrocarbons， 脂肪烃） Number Prefix（数字前缀）： i). 总碳数10时（total C no. 10）： 甲: meth-; 乙: eth-; 丙: prop-; 丁: buta-; 戊: penta-; 己: hexa-; 庚: hepta-; 辛: octa-; 壬: n

21、ona-; 癸: deca-.,半, 1/2: hemi-, semi-; 单, 一: mono-, uni-; 3/2: sesqui-; 双, 两: di-, bi-, bis-.,ii). 总碳数10时（total C no. 10）：,常用字头: 11: undeca, hendeca-; 12: dodeca-; 13: trideca-; 14: tetradeca-; 15:pentadeca-; 16: hexadeca-; 17: heptadeca-; 18: octadeca-;,19: nonadeca-; 20: eicosa-; 21: heneicosa-; 22

22、: docosa-; 23: tricosa-; 24: tetracosa-; 25: pentacosa-; 26: hexacosa-; 27: heptacosa-; 28: octacosa-; 29: nonacosa-; 30: triaconta-; 31: hentriaconta-; 40: tetraconta-; 50: pentaconta-; 60: hexaconta-; 70: heptaconta-; 80: octaconta-; 90: enneaconta-.,a. 烷烃（alkane）命名：数字头 + -ane.,例: 甲烷: methane; 庚烷:

23、 heptane; 癸烷: decane; 十三烷: tridecane; 十四烷: tetradecane;,b. 烯烃（alkene ）命名：数字头 + -ene.,（以a结尾的数字头去a加-ene .）,多烯的命名: 二烯类 - 数字头 + -diene ; 三烯类 - 数字头 + -triene . 例: 乙烯: ethene; 丁烯: butene; 丁二烯: butadiene; 丁三烯: butatriene,c. 炔烃（alkyne ）命名：数字头 + -yne（有时是-ine）,（以a结尾的数字头去a加-yne .） 多炔的命名: 二炔类- 数字头 + -diyne . 例:

24、 乙炔: ethyne; 丁炔: butine; 己二炔: hexadiyne 或 hexadiine,Exercise,CH3 CH3CH2 CH3CH2CH2 CH3CH2CH2CH2,Methyl Ethyl Propyl Butyl,Me Et Pr Bu,If we remove one hydrogen from an alkane, we obtain what is called an alkyl group, which end in yl,提示：,bromoethene (vinyl bromide) 3-chloropropene(allyl chloride) cis-

25、1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene,vinyl group,allyl group,2）醇、酚、醚（Alcohol，Phenol，Ether）的命名：,* 醇、酚：在相应的烃的名称后，去“-e”加“-ol”。如果是二醇或三醇，则须加“-diol”或“-triol”（在很多情况下不去“-e” ）。,例：,2-甲基-2-丙醇,：,2-methyl-2-propanol（2-methyl-propan-2-ol）,例：,2-乙基-2-丁烯-1-醇,1,2-乙二醇，,1,2,3-丙三醇， （俗称甘油，glycerin）,2-ethyl-2-buten

26、-1-ol,1,2-ethandiol（ethan-1,2-diol）,1,2,3-propantriol,* 当羟基位于侧链时，侧链上的羟基作取代基处理。取代基形式的羟基用“hydroxyl-”表示。,2-羟基-1-环己烷羧酸,例：,2-hydroxyl-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid,* 当羟基直接连在苯环上时，化合物称作 Phenols。,2-羟甲基-1,4-丁二醇,1,2,4-苯三酚，,1,2,4-benzentriol,1,4-苯二酚，,1,4-benzendiol,2-hydroxyl methyl-butan-1,4-diol,* 醚的命名：将较简单的

27、烷类与氧原子一起作为取代基命名。 烷氧基名称：烷基字头 + “-oxy”。,* 苯氧基：phenoxy；苄氧基：benzyloxy,例：,乙基乙烯基醚，,ethoxy ethene,环己基苯基醚，,cyclohexoxy benzene （俗称：cyclohexoxy phenyl ether）,ethyl methyl ether diethyl ether tert-butyl phenyl ether,* 环醚：以烃基为母体，在前面加上“epoxy-”，并且标出与氧原子相连的碳原子的编号。,* 化合物的俗名可到美国化学文摘 （Chemical Abstract，CA）的索引指南（Inde

28、x Guide）中查寻。,1,2-环氧丙烷，,1,3-环氧丙烷，,1,4-环氧丁烷， 或：四亚甲基氧化物 （俗名：四氢呋喃，tetrahydrofuran（THF）,1,2-epoxypropane,1,3-epoxypropane,1,4-epoxybutane；,tetramethylene oxide,3） 醛、酮（Aldehyde，Ketone）的命名：,* 醛：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加-al。,例： HCHO：甲醛， 2-甲基丙醛，,醛基作为取代基时写为：formyl- , methanoyl- （称为：甲酰基）。 例： （4-甲酰基苯基）乙酸,methanal,2-methy

29、l propanal,（4-formyl phenyl）acetic acid,* 酮：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加-one。,2-戊酮，2-pentanone； （甲基丙基酮， methyl propyl ketone）,例：,* 作取代基时，写为oxo-（称为：羰基）,4-羰基-1-环己烷羧酸 4-oxo-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid,丙酮，propanone； （二甲基酮，dimethyl ketone）,4）羧酸（Carboxylic Acid）的命名：,* 命名法1：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加“-oic acid”。编号从-COOH上的碳原子开始。

30、（适用于链状的一元或二元酸） * 命名法2：在羧基以外的烃的名称后加上“carboxylic acid”。编号从与-COOH相邻的碳原子开始。（适用于链状多元酸及羧基连在环上的酸） * 特例：一些酸保留俗名。如：醋酸，acetic acid；苯甲酸，benzoic acid；等。,例：,2-甲基丁酸，2-methyl butanoic acid；或称： 丁烷-2-羧酸，butane-2- carboxylic acid,3-戊烯酸，3-pentenoic acid； 或称： 2-丁烯-1-羧酸，2-butene-1- carboxylic acid,：,环己基甲酸，cyclohexyl methanoic acid；或： 环己烷羧酸，cyclohexane carboxylic acid,2-甲基-4-乙基戊二酸， 4-ethyl-2-methyl pentandioic acid,例：,* 在下列情况下，-COOH作为取代基命名。写为carboxy-（羧基）。,1）化合物中含有比-COOH更优先的基团； 2）-COOH在侧链上无法进入主链。,例：,氯