定语从句课件

1、定语从句,The Attributive Clause,带定语从句的谚语： 1. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。 2. He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁笑的最好。 3. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。,关系代词的用法,关系代词在从句中可以：,whom,who,which,that,whose,何时可以省略？,做宾语时可以省略,定语：,用于修饰名词或代词,He is a clever boy. 他是一

2、个聪明的男孩。 He is a physics teacher. 他是一个物理老师。 Australia is an English-speaking country. 澳大利亚是一个讲英语的家。,Key words: 复合句 (含有从句的句子;从句在复合句中充当什么成分就叫什么从句) e.g. 1. When I came in ,he was reading a book. ( 时间状语从句) 2. I hope (that )you will give me a reply soon. (宾语从句),定语从句：,由一个句子充当定语,即在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,定语从句的位置：,在修

3、饰名词或代词后,先行词：,引导词：,引导定语从句的词 关系代词 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 关系副词 when, where, why,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,For example:,This is a book which tells about space knowledge.,先行词,关系代词,定语从句,定语从句四步： 第一步,找出先行词； 第二,找出定语从句 第三,看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（主语、宾语） 第四,选择合适的关系词。,e.g. This is the car which he bought last year.,先行词,定

4、语从句,引导词的作用： (1) 引导定语从句 (2) 在从句中作一成分 (3) 代替先行词在从句中的 位置,关系代词,that,that在从句中作主语或宾语，指人 和物,1)A plane is a machine that can fly. （ 主语）,2)The noodles that I looked were delicious.（宾语）,This is the factory. The factory is near our school. This is the factory _,which/that is near our school,1.This is the facto

5、ry. 2.I visited the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I visited.,which,Which 在从句中作主语或宾语，指物,1) They planted the trees which didnt need much water. (主语 ),2) The fish which we bought were not fresh. （宾语）,This is the factory. The factory is near our school. This is the factory _,which/that is ne

6、ar our school,1.This is the factory. 2.I visited the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I visited.,who,who 在从句中作主语和宾语,指人,1) The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（主语）,2) Comrade Li is a man who we should learn from （宾语）,I have a friend. I have a selfless friend. I have

7、 a friend _,who is selfless,whom,whom 在从句中作宾语,指人,3) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. （宾语）,4) Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write . （宾语）,whose,2) This is the book whose cover is blue.,whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物,1) Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.,whose

8、 引导的定语从句应注意以下几点： 1.whose 引导定语从句，在从句中作定语其后应紧跟名词 Thats the child whose drawing we looked at just now.,2. whose 引导定语从句，其先行词可指人，也可指物 I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.,3. whose 在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语,可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间 Tom , on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.,4. Whose

9、 的先行词指物时, 可用of which 代替whose.指人不可 whose + n = the + n + of which= of which+ the + n. He lives in the room whose window faces south. = He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.,1) Do you know the man _is standing over there? 2) The girl _ we were talking about is Mary.,who/that,who(m)/th

10、at,3) The book _ is about the USA has been lost. 4) Did you see the pen _ I lost yesterday?,that/which,that/which,5)There are some people _ faces you cant forget. 6) I am sitting in the chair _legs are broken.,whose,whose,There are some people whose faces you cant forget. There are some people of wh

11、om the faces you cant forget.,I am sitting in the chair whose legs are broken. I am sitting in the chair of which the legs are broken.,关系代词who, that作主语,1. Your friend came to see you yesterday. 2. Your friend studies in Beijing University.,Your friend who/that studies in Beijing University came to s

12、ee you yesterday.,关系代词whom, that 作宾语,1. He is the man. 2.You have been waiting for the man.,He is the man (whom/that) you have been waiting for.,关系代词 which, that 作主语,1. It sounded like a train. 2. A train was going under my house.,It sounded like a train which/ that was going under my house.,关系代词whi

13、ch/ that 作宾语,1. The earth is a big ball. 2. We live on the earth.,The earth (which/ that) we live on is a big ball.,关系代词whose 作定语,1. Do you know the man? 2. The mans watch is missing.,Do you know the man whose watch is missing?,where,where引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词,并在定语从句中作地点状语, 相当于“介词+ 关系代词(which)”。 where=in

14、 which=at which,1.This is the factory. 2.I worked in the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I worked in., This is the factory in _ I worked.,which,=,where,1.We visited the house. 2. Luxun once lived in the house. We visited the house _ Luxun once lived.,where,=,in which,1.This is the library

15、_ has many books. 2. This is the library _ I visited. 3. This is the library _ I read books.,which/that,which/that,in which/where,the library,the library,in the library,when,when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词,并在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。 关系副词 when=in which=at which=on which,1. Ill never forget the day. 2. I

16、joined the Party on the day. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the Party.,when,=,on which,We still remember that August _ we traveled together.,in that August,in which/when,This is the day _ we cant forget. This is the day _ I was born.,which/that,on which/when,the day,on the day,why,why引导的定语从句修饰表

17、示原因的名词,并在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。 why=for which,1. There are many reasons. 2. People like traveling for many reasons. There are many reasons _ people like traveling.,for which,why,=,This is the reason _ he gave me. This is the reason _ he was late.,for which/why,which/that,the reason,for the

18、reason,the way that,方式 关系副词 that = in which This is the way that( in which) he did it,I dont lie the way that(=in which) you laugh at her,提醒一：关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：1）先行词是人还是物;2)先行词在从句中作什么成分。若先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，或定语，则选关系代词；若在从句中作状语，则选关系副词。,1We will remember those days that/which we spent together.(作宾语) 2we wil

19、l remember those days when we played by the sea.(作状语),提醒二：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。,1He is the only one of the students who knows French (the only one 为先行词) 2He is one of the students who know French (students 为先行词),提醒三：关系代词的省略：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语（这时介词不能在关系代词前）时常可省略。,The boy (that/w

20、ho/whom) we saw last night was Tom,提醒四：定语从句常见错误,1缺先行词：Is this school that you visited last year? 该句缺先行词，应在school后面 加上the one,2 缺引导词：Chinese eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 应在children后面加上who 关系代词作主语时不能省略,3成分重复：This is the house where I lived there years ago. Where 和there 句子成分重复，应去掉there,提醒五 关

21、系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中作的成分。若是做状语，则用关系副词或“介词+which” 若是作主语或宾语，则用关系代词。例如：,I will never forget the days (that/ which) I spent with my teacher I will never forget the days when I played with you,The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year The factory where he works w

22、as built last year,This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it Do you know the reasons why he came late?,但要注意在以下8种情况下,指物时用that 不用which, who,注意！,1.先行词是all, any, everything, anything, nothing ,something, much, little, few, none ,the one 等时, There is much that should be used. You can take

23、any seat that is free.,2.先行词被all, any , no, only, little, much, very, every, some, few, none 等修饰时, I have read all the books (that) you gave me. Every dictionary that our library bought is good.,3.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。, This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. The first lesson that I learn

24、ed will never be forgotten.,4.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。, This is the very book that belongs to him. The Great Wall is the last place that Mr. Smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.,5. 在以 which, who作主语的特殊疑问句中的定语从句中, Who is the man that is reading a book there? Which is

25、 the magazine that you borrowed from the reading room?,6.当先行词既有表示人又有表示物的词时, We talked of the things and persons that we remembered.,7. 当先行词在定语从句中做表语时,无论先行词是人还是物, China is no longer the country that she was.,8.主句以there be 开头时, There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.,(1) 关系代词在限制性定语

26、从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。 There are many trees _ they can have a rest. This is the ring _ she spent 1000 dollars.,2、只用which不用that的情况,(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。 Football, _ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.,under which,on which,which,3. 表所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介 词of, 有时可用whose转换。 1) Im painting a house,

27、the roof _ is round.,Im painting a house _ is round.,2) They live in a house, _ windows face south.,They live in a house, the windows _ face south.,of which,whose,of which,whose roof,不用that的场合如下： 1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is t

28、he man from whom I learnt the news 3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.,二、只用who的情况,One _ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. The ones _ laugh at the disabled are not good students. Anyone _ fails to finish the task should be punished. Those _ want to go to The G

29、reat Wall sigh up here.,who,who,who,who,先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时用who.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它 主句意思往往不明确；,非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也 不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。,(1)This is the house which we bought last month.,（限制性）,(2)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.,(非限制性）,(3)Charl

30、es Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.,(非限制性）,定语从句必须注意的特殊例子 1.先行词为situation , case , stage, point, position关系词要用where, in which eg. Can you imaging the situation where/ in which you can use the word. 2.先行词为way ,关系词要用that, in which 或省略 eg. Do you know the way (that/in which/-) he wor

31、ked the problem.,3.定语从句的必须注意的两个句型。 Is this school the one we visited that year? Is this the school that we visited that year ? He is one of the students who are from the south. He is the (only) one of the students who is from the south.,修饰人时关系代词that 和who, whom的区分。 当主句中的主语是who时，只能用that。 eg. Who is th

32、e girl that is standing over there? 在非限制性定语从句中以及介词后面时只能用who 或者whom。 eg. I have a son, who is really lovely and interesting. There are 40 students in the class, most of whom are boys. 关系代词whose既能修饰人，也能修饰物，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰先行词。 eg. She is the girl whose English sounds very beautiful. Mary has a very good

33、dog, whose hair turns out white and black.,关系副词when, where, why的用法以及与关系代词的区分。 关系副词在定语从句当中只能充当状语，当一个句子能够完整地表达一个意思时，我们就可以给这个句子加上特定的关系副词。 eg. I wont forget the time when I got married. Have you still remember the days when we stayed together? This is the place where we had a good time. Is this the hous

34、e where Mr Smith lives? I dont know the reason why he wont join us. Do you know the reason why he didnt come to sweep the classroom?,关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。 eg.

35、1. I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born. 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in. 3. I dont know the reason why (for which) he havent come today. 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.,1 . whose 既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导 非

36、限制性定语从句。 My uncle whose office we have just passed , is a lawyer . Once there was a wise king whose name was Alfred . 2. whose 代指“的”，既可以指人，也可以指物。 Look at the building , whose roof is white . The girl lives in the house , whose windows face south .,whose 在定语从句中的用法,关系副词when, where和关系代词that, which的区分。同

37、样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when， 有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一是定语从句是否完整；二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子： This is the park that we visited last year. This is the park where we held a birthday party. She wont forget the days that she spent on the island. She wont forget the days when they

38、 stayed together. Thats the date when we went to the college. Thats the date that she wont forget for ever. I like the time when we lived together. I like the time that we had together.,注意: 1. 介词关系代词引导的定语从句,关键是判断介词的选择 看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配) 先行词放在从句中需不需要添介词 通过整个句子整体含义来判断 2. whom, which作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在whic

39、h之前, 也可放在从句原来的位置上,在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置上.,关系代词和关系副词如何区别？,1.取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系副词或介词+关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。 2.要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。 1）This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 2）Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 3）Ill never

40、 forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.,1.Ill never forget the days _we spent together in Paris. 2.Ill remember the days _we stayed together. 3.This is the factory _we visited last year. 4.This is the house _Lincoln once lived.,thatwhich,when,thatwhich,where,vt.,vi.,vt.,vi.,during which

41、,in which,5.The reason _he missed the speech is that he forgot the time. 6.The reason _he gave us sounded reasonable.,why,thatwhich,(合理的）,for which,This is the house . I lived in it two years ago.,This is the house_ I lived in two years ago.,This is the house _ I lived two years ago.,This is the hou

42、se _ I lived two years ago.,(that/which),in which,where,“介词关系代词”即“介词whom/which”引 导定语从句应注意： 1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素 A.与先行词的搭配关系 1）I will never forget the day _ I joined the army. 2) I will never forget the days _ I worked in the school. 3) I will never forget the year _ my son went to college. 4) I got ho

43、me at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, _ most people had had supper.,on which,during which,in which,by which,B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯 1）Have you found the book _ I paid 29 US dollars? 2) Have you found the book _ I spent 29 US dollars? 3) Have you found the book _ we learnt a lot? 4) Have you found the book _ she often ta

44、lks?,for which,on which,from which,about which,关系代词as的用法及其与which的区别。 关系代词as在定语从句中指代整件事，充当句中的主语或者宾语，它经常和the same, such, as一起搭配使用，共同构成一个固定词组。 eg. As we all know, he is a famous scientist. He is a diligent boy, as is expected. She has the same book as you have. 关系代词as可以放在句子的开头，可以使用被动语态，而关系代词which则不可以。请

45、比较： As everyone knows, it is necessary to build a hospital in this small town. It is necessary to build a hospital in this small town, which is clear to us. Our department will hold the meeting,as is known by us.,2.which和as都能引导非限制性定语从句,a. As we expected, he passed the exam. b. He took away my photo,

46、 which made me unhappy. c. The house, which they built 2 years ago, fell down in the earthquake.,1)as引导非限制性定语从句时只能指代整个句子。而which既可指代前面整个句子，也可指代前面句子中的一个词或短语。,1.which和as都能引导限制性定语从句，指代主句的某一个词，在从句中充当主语或宾语。,但as通常用在the same.as , suchas , asas结构中 I will give you such things as you may need. This is the same

47、 watch as I lost. This is the same watch that I lost.,“as”和”which”引导定语从句的区别,同一,同样,3)as 本身有“正如.正象”. 的含义,常用于as is announced / expected / known / reported / said / imagined / shown或as usually happen, as is often the case, as we know等句型,2)as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整个主句, as引导的从句可放在主句之前、之后或中间,而which引导的从句只能放在句末

48、.,4）当后置的非限定性定语从句是否定结构时，只能用which引导 He made a long speech, as was expected. He made a long speech, which was not expected/unexpected. Tom drinks a lot everyday, which his wife doesnt like at all.,区分定语从句与其相似句型,Mr.Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.,(这里and连接的是并列句，不能用whom代替 them。如

49、去掉and，就必须用whom代替them 成定语从句。,It was last night that the terrible fire broke out.,(这里是“It was+被强调部分+that. ”构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。),1. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.,which that或去掉which。当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。,2. This is the best film which I have

50、 ever seen.,which that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。,3. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.,如果先行词既指人又指物时, 常用that引导定语从句。,that,4. Everything which we saw was of great interest.,当先行词为something, anything, everything, nothing, all等时,常由that引导定语从句。,which that或去掉which。,1. That book that you want it is on the desk.,2. Is this factory that we visited last week?,the one,This factory is the one that we visited last week?,3.