猫和狗独特的营养需求-梅博士-Customer conferen

1、玛氏宠物护理学院 猫和狗独特的营养需求,中国有60,000,000只宠物 （猫和狗）,中国不到3%的宠物食用专业宠物食品 vs 欧美超过85%的宠物食用专业宠物食品,不正确的营养导致很多健康问题,我们的愿景 在中国，为宠物创造一个更美好的世界,中国宠物营养认知度调查,发起单位：玛氏食品（中国）有限公司 支持单位：中国饲料工业协会宠物食品工作委员会 执行单位：特恩斯市场研究公司,6,调查方式,研究类型：定量研究 调查方式: CATI (计算机辅助式电话访问) 随机数字化采样 覆盖城市: 北京、上海、广州、 成都、武汉,调查时间：2012年8月10日 9月2日,主要发现 - 1,宠物主人相信营养很

2、重要 vs.对“宠物营养”的了解程度很低！,%,宠物主人对营养引起的健康问题知之甚少,主要发现 - 2,大部分宠物主人仍使用家制食物喂饲宠物， 并表示对家制食物引起的健康问题并不担心,主要发现 - 3,对家制食物引起健康问题的不重视，是因为缺乏对家制食物营养因素的考虑,主要发现 - 4,%,多于一半的宠物主人表示“目前没有宠物营养知识的专业来源”,主要发现 - 5,玛氏宠物护理学院,宗旨,推广宠物营养知识，倡导科学饲喂 支持培养宠物营养专业人才 携手同仁，推动宠物护理行业健康发展,英国威豪 宠物营养研究中心,Privileged and confidential,1935 宝路宠物食品 (英国

3、) 开始生产 1963 第一份论文发表 1965 成立营养研究所 1973 正式命名威豪宠物营养研究中心 1990 威豪 马研究小组 1991 威豪 水族研究小组 2006 新的大型实验室和设备,威豪历史,威豪科学家,营养生化学 兽医学 分子生物学 食品科学 生物化学 免疫学 胃肠学 生理学,超过100名专业研究人员，来自世界各地,神经生理学 生物学 动物行为学 计算机科学 畜牧学 统计学 数据模型 学术交流,创造众多“世界第一”的威豪,威豪科学出版物,玛氏宠物护理学院的师资力量,猫狗的进化史与营养需求演变,宠物营养学基本概念与全面均衡营养,猫狗的能量需求,宠物进食行为学基础,全面均衡营养设计

4、与控制,猫狗的基本营养需求,2012年玛氏宠物护理学院课程,The unique nutritional needs of dogs and cats 猫和狗独特的营养需求,Content 内容,Introduction 简介 History 历史 Industry 行业 Consumers 消费者 Goals of dog and cat nutrition 猫和狗营养目标 Determinants of nutrient requirements 营养需求的决定因素 evolutionary adaption 进化适应性 natural diet “天然”饮食 unique nutriti

5、onal requirements “独特的”营养需求 Summary 小结,Domestication 驯化,Dog domesticated from the wolf (Canis lupus) 狗是从狼驯化而来的,Domestication 驯化,Cat domesticated from African wildcat (Felis sylvestris lybica) 猫是从非洲野猫驯化而来的,The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication. Driscoll et al., (2007). Science Vol. 317 no. 583

6、7 pp. 519-523,Long history 历史,In modern society cats and dogs are the most popular companion animal! 在现代社会，猫和狗是人们最常见的伴侣动物！,Global Business: Europe 全球业务：欧洲,60 million dogs (declining) 6千万狗（减少中） 64 million cats (increasing) 6千4百万猫（增长中） 70 million pet owning households 7千万宠物主人 25% of all households own

7、 at least one cat 25%拥有至少一只猫 27% of all households own at least one dog 27% 拥有至少一只狗 +13 billion turnover 超过130亿欧元营业额 +10 billion turnover in related sectors 相关业务超过100亿营业额,USA more than 50% of households own either a dog or cat.,A global business: USA 全球业务：美国,Cat population 猫数量,Dog population 狗数量,The

8、 consumer(s) 消费者（们）,Goals 目标,Economic value 经济价值,Safety 安全性,Absence of disease longevity 降低疾病 “长寿”,Safety 安全性,Complete and balanced nutrition! 全面均衡的营养,Evolution of the domestic dog and cat 猫和狗的驯化过程,Cat - obligate carnivore 猫 严格肉食动物 30 teeth, designed for cutting and tearing 30颗牙齿，具有切和撕的功能,Teeth 牙齿,D

9、ental formula of various animal species (top/bottom) Human Cat Dog Horse Incisors 2/2 3/3 3/3 3/3 Canines 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 Premolars 2/2 3/2 4/4 3-4/3 Molars 3/3 1/1 2/3 3/3 Total 18/18 16/14 20/22 20-22/20,Dog - semi-carnivore 狗 半肉食动物 42 teeth, designed for cutting, tearing and grinding. 42颗牙齿，具有切，撕

10、和磨的功能,GI anatomical adaptations 胃肠道结构适应性,Pig 猪 Cat/Dog猫/狗 Pony马 Sheep羊,Meal patterns in dogs and cats 猫和狗的进食特征,A gorge feeder, specifically adapted to taking large, infrequent meals, mainly during the day time. Then they will sleep at night 狗是暴食动物，适应于大量非规则频率进食，主要在白天进食。在夜晚睡觉。,A snack feeder, taking m

11、any small meals throughout the day and night 猫是零食动物，在昼夜多次少量进食 Actual number and size of meals varies from cat to cat 每餐进食数量因猫而异 The cat is basically carrying on its evolutionary adaptations it will go out, hunt, have a meal, sleep, then get up and go hunting again 猫沿袭了其进化特性-外出采猎，进食，休息，然后继续外出 The dom

12、estic cat sleeps for approx. 85% of the day 进化后的猫85%的时间在睡觉,Adaptations to a diet devoid of carbohydrates 对碳水化合物缺乏食物的适应性,Anything tasty round here?,No sweet taste due to a non-functional Tas1r2 receptor 由于Tas1r2 接受器功能障碍，猫没有甜味味觉,Adaptations to a diet devoid of carbohydrates 对碳水化合物缺乏食物的适应性,Limited carb

13、ohydrate digestion 对碳水化合物有限的吸收 No salivary amylase 缺乏唾液酶 Pancreatic amylase levels are 5% of canine values 胰淀粉酶功能只有犬类的5% Disaccharidase activity is non-adaptive (40% of dogs) 二糖酶活性低（犬的40%） Non-adaptive sugar transporter in brush border Low maltase and trehalase activity in the SI Limited sugar metab

14、olism (glucose, fructose) 有限的糖代谢 Minimal liver glucokinase activity Lack of liver fructokinase activity,Dog domesticated from the wolf (Canis lupus) 狗从狼驯化而来,What can we learn from their wild relatives? 从他们的祖先能学到什么？,What do wolves eat? 狼吃什么？,What can we learn from their wild relatives? 从他们的祖先能学到什么？,C

15、at domesticated from African wildcat (Felis sylvestris lybica) 猫从非洲野猫驯化而来,Diets of feral cats consist of: 野猫的食物组成,What do feral (wild) cats eat? 野猫吃什么？,Commercial foods vs feral diet 商业宠物食品 Vs. 野生食物,However 然而,Cats are able to effectively digest carbohydrates 猫能够有效地消化碳水化合物 Carbohydrates are 85-95% d

16、igested in commercial feline diets 商业猫粮中碳水化合物的消化率达到85%-95% Carbohydrate source 碳水化合物的种类 Processing 工艺 Physiological state 生理状况 Interactions with other dietary components 与其它营养成分的相互作用,Cats and dogs are very different from humans in many ways. 猫和狗与人在很多方面是不同的 How does this affect their nutrient require

17、ments? 这对于他们对营养的要求有什么影响？,They are less able to regulate the activity of liver enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids 它们对肝脏酶活性的调节较差，而肝脏酶作 用于氨基酸的代谢 Enzymes are constantly set for a high level of dietary protein 因此猫的肝脏酶持续处于较高水平 代谢蛋白质,Cats have a high protein requirement 猫对蛋白质有更高的要求,Protein r

18、equirement 蛋白质的需求,0.8 g/kg BW,2.2 g/kg BW,3.2 g/kg BW,What happens when it goes wrong ? 如果蛋白质过低会发生什么？,Not enough protein / amino acids Vegetarian cat 缺乏足够蛋白质/氨基酸的素食猫 photo supplied by Susan Donoghue,Cats and dogs have different requirements to humans and livestock for many nutrients 猫和狗在许多营养物质上与人和畜牧

19、动物有很大差别,Additional essential nutrients for cats 猫的独特必需营养物质,Taurine (cysteine dioxygenase and CSA decarboxylase)牛磺酸 Arginine (ornithine aminotransferase and pyroline-5-carboxylic acid) 精氨酸 Arachidonic acid (desaturase activity) 花生四烯酸 Vitamin A (-carotene dioxigenase)维生素A Niacin (picolinic carboxylase

20、) 尼克酸,New insights on the unique nutritional needs of cats and dogs 猫和狗的独特营养需求,Cats regulate macronutrient intake and select high protein diets 猫对宏量营养元素的摄入有要求并会选择高蛋白的食物,Image Copyright Kudryashka, 2011. license from S,New insights on the unique nutritional needs of cats and dogs 猫和狗的独特营养需求,Cats are

21、able to consume a diet relatively high in saturated fat without adverse effects, 猫对还有饱和脂肪的食物耐受性更高 They metabolise dietary fat differently to humans which has enabled them to successfully evolve on meat based diets that are relatively high in protein and fat. 猫对脂肪的吸收方式与人不同，这使得它们能更好的利用含有较高蛋白和脂肪的肉类,New

22、 insights on the unique nutritional needs of cats and dogs 猫和狗的独特营养需求,Identified a safe upper level for vitamin A consumption for puppies. 确认了对幼犬维生素A的安全上限 They handle vitamin A differently to humans, which has enabled them to successfully evolve on meat based diets that are relatively high in vitami

23、n A. 它们对维生素A的吸收方式不同于人类，这使得它们能够利用含VA 较高的肉类 Work conducted in collaboration with several leading academic researchers and the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF), WALTHAM 此研究为威豪与欧洲宠物工业协会等领先学术机构共同完成,New insights on the unique nutritional needs of cats and dogs 猫和狗的独特营养需求,Some common human fo

24、ods can be toxic! 一些常见的人的食物对猫狗的毒性,Raisins & Grapes 葡萄和葡萄干,9 -10g per kg body weight shown to be poisonous. Thats only 150g for a beagle!,0.01% onion powder: Cats 0.1% onion powder: Dogs,Can cause anaemia 引起溶血症,Can cause acute renal failure in some dogs 引起肾脏衰败,Garlic & Onions 洋葱和大蒜,Cocoa contains the

25、obromine 可可中含有可可碱 Theobromine is particularly toxic to dogs 可可碱对狗有毒性 Toxicity depends on the amount of cocoa in the chocolate and the sensitivity of the dog 毒性取决于可可的含量及犬的敏感性 30g dark chocolate was enough to kill an English bulldog 300g chocolate was enough to kill a miniature dachshund 250g cocoa powder was enough to kill a Springer Spaniel It can kill in a few hours 可在数小