名词、代词的数和格

1、名词、代词的数和格,有关名词和代词的考题，命题中一般都以“名词的复数形式”、“名词的所有格”、“人称代词”和“主谓一致”等形式出现。 一、 名词复数的形式要点。 1. 复合名词的复数： 1).一般而言，我们把核心词变为复数形式即可，如：passers-by, mothers-in-law; assistant directors；girl friends 2). 含man 或woman的名词词组，各部分名词都要变为复数，如: man servants, women doctors. 3). 如果核心词为动词，则在名词词组最后面加-s,如：go-betweens, forget-me-nots,

2、名词、代词的数和格,2.复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。 这些名词一般为表示学科、疾病及一些专有名词，如：economics 经济学，measles 麻疹，physics 物理学，mathematics 数学，dynamics 动力学，news 新闻，The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报。 例：Acoustics is the science of sound waves and their production, transmission, reception and control. 声学是研究声波及其产生、传播、接受和控制

3、的科学。,名词、代词的数和格,二、名词的所有格 名词的所有格有两种，即s所有格和of所有格。 1. s 所有格的使用要点 1). 用于表示有生命的名词，以及表示时间、距离、价值、重量、地理名称、国家机关、社团的名词。 八小时的路程： eight hours drive 今天的报纸 todays newspaper 欧洲的未来 Europes future ,名词、代词的数和格,2). 表示某物为两个人或多人共同拥有时，在最后一个人名后加s，如果各有各的，则在每个名词后都加s，其后的可数名词也变为复数。 玛丽和琳达（共同拥有）的书 Mary and Lindas book 汤姆的父亲和彼得的父亲

4、 Toms and Peters fathers 3). 人名加s所有格结构可表示某人的店铺，家庭，学校等地点： I usually buy my meat at the Johnsons. They took part in the birthday party at Toms.,名词、代词的数和格,4). 单词本身已经加有s或-es结尾的复数名词，只需加上“ ”。 我姐姐们的男友们 my sisters boyfriends 2. of 所有格的使用要点： 1). 主要用于无生命，静态的名词 the window of our classroom the history of China

5、2). of 所有格的名词词组，在作为比较对象再次出现时，常用that/those代替。 The population of New York is greater than that of Chicago.,名词、代词的数和格,3). 双重所有格的使用： 名词所有格有时候可以在前面加of来构成短语，成为双重所有格，表示全体中的一部分的意思。双重所有格的使用主要是为了避免名词的重复，用以加强语气或表示某种感情色彩。 He is a friend of my brothers. He is one of my brothers friends. Some students of my fathe

6、rs came to see him yesterday. Some of my fathers students came to see him yesterday.,名词、代词的数和格,双重所有格的用法： A. of 前的名词前面通常有一个限定词，如a, any, some, no, few, several, each, such, every, another以及two, three等数词。 Have you read any novels of Dicksens ? B. of名词前通常可以用指示代词this, that来表示某种感情色彩。 That answer of Li Don

7、gs was not right. C. of 后带有s的名词通常表示具体的人的名词， 或是名词性物主代词。 Thats a play of a writers. Thats a play of Guo Moruos. This is a child of their . This is a child of theirs.,名词、代词的数和格,双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构的区别。 A. 侧重点不同 He is a friend of my fathers. He is a friend of my father. B. 当of前的名词是picture等表示物品的名词时，含义不同。 Th

8、is is a picture of my brothers. This is a picture of brother.,名词、代词的数和格,三、人称代词 有关代词格的考点：人称代词的主宾格与顺序 1.人称代词的主格与宾格：I/me, we/us，you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it, they/them. 2. 主格一般做主语，也可做主语补足语和主语的同位语，还可用于强调结构。宾格主要做宾语，也可做宾语补足语和用于强调结构，如： Jason, who was afraid that he might lose his job as an employee in t

9、he company, has just had an interview with his employer and asked him for help.,名词、代词的数和格,3.人称代词的顺序：在连续使用两个或两个以上人称代词时，通常排列为第二人称、第三人称、第一人称。在承认错误或自我批评时，往往把第一人称放在第三人称前、第二人称后。 You and I are to finish the task together, therefore we should cooperate with each other well。 I and Betty made the mistake. Ple

10、ase dont blame it on the other people.,名词、代词的数和格,四、主谓一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上要取得一致。 一般要遵循三个原则： 1. 意义一致原则。即谓语动词的人称和数的形式取决于判断主语属于单数还是复数，可数还是不可数。 2. 就近一致原则。指的是谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语是单数还是复数。 3. 就远原则。即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于有插入语的句子中主干的主语，或宾语从句中的先行词。 英语中，名词与代词做主语与谓语在数应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现分隔，故考试中经常考到主谓一致

11、，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：,名词、代词的数和格,1.考点一：复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时，或主语由both and 连接时，谓语动词一般用复数。 如：Both reading and writing are very important. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。（考查重点）例如： The playwright and director was present at the party last night. 编剧兼导演出席了昨晚的宴会。,名词、代词的数和格,

12、2.考点二：就近原则： 由 either or ; neither nor ; not onlybut also; or ； there be 等引导的主语，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party. Either you or she is to go. There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.,名词、代词的数和格,3.考点三：就远原则：当主语是由with, together wit

13、h, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如： The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office. 4.考点四：动名词、不定式、名词性从句做主语时，谓语用单数。 What I said and did is of no concern to you. Reading three classi

14、cal novels is an assignment for the students during the holiday. To see is to believe.,名词、代词的数和格,5.考点五：表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体概念，谓语一般用单数。 One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor. Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 6.考点六：many a, more than one + 单数可数名词

15、，尽管表示复数意义，但谓语仍用单数。 Many a person has read the novel. More than one stranger agrees with me.,名词、代词的数和格,7.考点七：由 every and every ; each and each; no and no; many a and many a 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。 Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me. No difficulty and no hardship has discou

16、raged him. 8.考点八：用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of , the majority of等引起主语时，谓语动词的数通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如： Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. The majority of the students like English.,名词、代词的数和格,9.考点九：由some，any, no，every

17、构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词也用单数。如： Each of us has a tape-recorder. Neither is satisfactory.,名词、代词的数和格,五、练习与巩固：,“Do you want to see my ID card

18、 or my drivers license?” “ _ will do” A. Every B. Each C. Either D. Both The population in China _ very large, and eighty percentage of the population in China _ farmers. A. are, is B. is, are C. are, are D. is, is Todays libraries differ great from _. A. the past B. those of the past C. that are past D. those past,Thirty percent of students in our class _ girls, forty percent of their m