国际贸易术语-C组术语详解

1、1,ThedetailedexplanationofEtermsThedetailedexplanationofFtermsThedetailedexplanationofCtermsThedetailedexplanationofDterms,2,Exworksmeansthesellersonlyresponsibilityistomakethegoodsavailableatthesellerspremises,i.e.factory.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidedbythebuyerunle

2、ssotherwiseagreed.,3,Thebuyerbearsthefullcostsandriskinvolvedincollectingthegoodsfromtheretothedesireddestination.Exworksrepresentstheminimumobligationoftheseller.,4,TheEtermistheterminwhichthesellersobligationisatitsminimum:thesellerhastodonomorethanplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheagreedpl

3、aceusuallyatthesellersownpremises.,5,Ontheotherhand,asamatterofpracticalreality,thesellerwouldfrequentlyassistthebuyerinloadingthegoodsonthelatterscollectingvehicle.,6,AlthoughEXWwouldbetterreflectthisifthesellersobligationsweretobeextendedsoastoincludeloading,itwasthoughtdesirabletoretainthetraditi

4、onalprincipleofthesellersminimumobligationunderEXWsothatitmildheusedforcaseswherethesellerdoesnotwishtoassumeanyobligationwhatsoeverwithrespecttotheloadingofthegoods.,7,Ifthebuyerwantsthesellertodomore,thisshouldhemadeclearinthecontractofsale.返回,8,IntroductionFOBFASFCA,9,TheFtermrequirethesellertode

5、liverthegoodsforcarriageasinstructedbythebuyer.,10,ThepointatwhichthepartiesintenddeliverytooccurintheFCAtermhascauseddifficultybecauseofthewidevarietyofcircumstanceswhichmaysurroundcontractscoveredbythisterm.,11,Thistermhasbeendesignedtomeettherequirementsofmultimodaltransport,suchascontainerorroll

6、-on,roll-offtrafficbytrailersandferries.,12,Ifnopreciseplacecanbenamedatthetimeofthecontractofsale,thepartiesshouldrefertotheplacewherethecarriershouldtakethegoodsintoitscharge.,13,Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromsellertobuyeratthattimeandnotattheshipsrail.,14,Thetermcarriermeansanyp

7、ersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriagebyroad,rail,air,sea,oracombinationofmodeshasbeenmade.Whenasellerhasbeenfurnishedabilloflading,waybillorcarriersreceipt,thesellerdulyfulfillsitsobligationbypresentingsuchadocumentissuedbyacarrier.,15,Incoterms2000takeamountofthesealternativesbystipulatingtha

8、t,whentheplacenamedinthecontractastheplacedofdeliveryisthesellerspremises,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareloadedonthebuyerscollectingvehicleand,inothercases,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotunloadedfromthesellersvehicle.,16,It（FCA）isbasedonthesamenameprincipleasF.O.B

9、.(freeonboard),exceptthatthesellerfulfillsitsobligationswhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecustodyofthecarrieratthenamedplace.返回,17,FOBFREEONBOARD(.namedportofshipment)UnderF.O.B.thegoodsareplacedonboardtheshipbythesellerataportofshipmentnamedinthesalesagreement.,18,Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistran

10、sferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrail(i.e.,offthedockandplacedontheship).Thesellerpaysthecostofloadingthegoods.,19,ThenotionunderFOBtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrailnowadaysmayseeminappropriateinmanycases,itisneverthelessunderstoodbymerchantsandappliedinamannerwhichtakes,20,Unfortunately,t

11、hewordFOBisusedbysomemerchantsmerelytoindicateanypointofdeliverysuchasFOBfactory,FOBplant,FOBExsellersworksorotherinlandpointstherebyneglectingwhattheabbreviationmeans:FreeOnBoard.,21,ItremainsthecasethatsuchuseofFOBtendstocreateconfusionandshouldbeavoided.返回,22,FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP(.namedportofship

12、ment)F.A.S.orfreealongsideshiprequiresthesellertodeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshiponthequay.,23,Fromthatpointon,thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksoflossanddamagetothegoods.UnlikeF.O.B.,F.A.S.requiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexportandpaythecostofloadingthegoods.,24,ThereisanimportantchangeofFASrelatingtoth

13、eobligationtoclearthegoodsforexport,sinceitappearstobethemostcommonpracticetoputthisdutyonthesellerratherthanonthebuyer.返回,25,CIFCIPInsurance小结返回,26,Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheshipsrailintheportofshipment.,27,CIFCOST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT(.namedportofdestinati

14、on)CIFisCFRwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetogoods.Thesellermustcontractwiththeinsurerandpaytheinsurancepremium.,28,ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,

15、aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery，,29,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,30,Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremiu

16、m.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.,31,Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.,32,TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.T

17、histermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.返回,33,CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO(.namedplaceofdestination)Thistermisthesameasfreight/carriagepaidto(CPT)butwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerhastoprocuretr

18、ansportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,34,Thesellercontractswiththeinsurerandpaystheinsurancepremium.返回,35,TheC-termsrequirethesellertocontractforcarriageonusualtermsathisownexpense.Therefore,apointuptowhichhewouldhavetopaytransportcostsmustnecessarilybeindicatedaft

19、ertherespectiveC-term.,36,UndertheCIFandCIPtermstheselleralsohastotakeoutinsuranceandbeartheinsurancecost.Sincethepointforthedivisionofcostsisfixedatapointinthecountryofdestination,theC-termsarefrequentlymistakenlybelievedtobearrivalcontracts,inwhichthesellerwouldbearallrisksandcostsuntilthegoodshav

20、eactuallyarrivedattheagreedpoint.,37,However,itmustbestressedthattheC-termsareofthesamenatureastheF-termsinthatthesellerfulfilsthecontractinthecountryofshipmentordispatch.,38,Thus,thecontractsofsaleundertheC-terms,likethecontractsundertheF-terms,fallwithinthecategoryofshipmentcontracts.,39,Itisinthe

21、natureofshipmentcontractsthat,whilethesellerisboundtopaythenormaltransportcostforthecarriageofthegoodsbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertotheagreedplace,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasadditionalcostsresultingfromeventsoccurringafterthegoodshavingbeenappropriatelydeliveredforcarriage,fallu

22、ponthebuyer.,40,ItisoftheveryessenceoftheC-termsthatthesellerisrelievedofanyfurtherriskandcostafterhehasdulyfulfilledhiscontractbycontractingforcarriageandhandingoverthegoodstothecarrierandbyprovidingforinsuranceundertheCIF-andCIP-terms。,41,Theessentialnatureofthe“C”-termsasshipmentcontractsisalsoil

23、lustratedbythecommonuseofdocumentarycreditsasthepreferredmodeofpaymentusedinsuchterms.Whereitisagreedbythepartiestothesalecontractthatthesellerwillbepaidbypresentingtheagreedshippingdocumentstoabankunderadocumentarycredit,42,Ofcourse,thesellerwouldhavetobearthecostofthecontractofcarriageirrespective

24、ofwhetherfreightispre-paiduponshipmentorispayableatdestination(freightcollect);,43,however,additionalcostswhichmayresultfromeventsoccurringsubsequenttoshipmentanddispatcharenecessarilyfortheaccountofthebuyer.,44,Ithappensquiteoftenthatthepartiestothecontractofsalewishtoclarifytheextenttowhichthesell

25、ershouldprocureacontractofcarriageincludingthecostsofdischarge.Since,45,suchcostsarenormallycoveredbythefreightwhenthegoodsarecarriedbyregularshippinglines,thecontractofsalewillfrequentlystipulatethatthegoodsaretobesocarriedoratleastthattheyaretobecarriedunderlinerterms.,46,Inothercases,thewordlande

26、disaddedafterCFRorCIF.However,itisadvisablenottouseabbreviationsaddedtotheC-termsunless,intherelevanttrade,themeaningoftheabbreviationsisclearlyunderstoodandacceptedbythecontractingpartiesorunderanyapplicablelaworcustomofthetrade.,47,Inparticular,thesellershouldnotandindeedcouldnot,withoutchangingth

27、everynatureoftheC-terms-undertakeanyobligationwithrespecttothearrivalofthegoodsatdestination,48,sincetheriskofanydelayduringthecarriageisbornebythebuyer.Thus,anyobligationwithrespecttotimemustnecessarilyrefertotheplaceofshipmentordispatch,49,Forexample,shipment(dispatch)notlaterthan.Anagreementforex

28、ample,CFRHamburgnotlaterthan.isreallyamisnomerandthusopentodifferentpossibleinterpretations.,50,ThepartiescouldbetakentohavemeanteitherthatthegoodsmustactuallyarriveatHamburgatthespecifieddate,inwhichcasethecontractisnotashipmentcontractbutanarrivalcontractor,alternatively,thatthesellermustshipthego

29、odsatsuchatimethattheywouldnormallyarriveatHamburgbeforethespecifieddateunlessthecarriagewouldhavebeendelayedbecauseofunforeseenevents,51,Inpractice,thepartiesfrequentlycontinuetousethetraditionalexpressionC&F(orCandF,C+F).Nevertheless,inmostcasesitwouldappearthattheyregardtheseexpressionsasequivale

30、nttoCFR.,52,AlthoughtheIncotermsseektoensurethatthesellerprovidesthebuyerwithproofofdelivery,itshouldbestressedthatthesellerfulfilsthatrequirementwhenheprovidestheusualproof.,53,UnderCPTandCIPitwouldbetheusualtransportdocumentandunderCFRandCIFabillofladingoraseawaybill.,54,Thetransportdocumentsmustb

31、eclean,meaningthattheymustnotcontainclausesornotationsexpresslydeclaringadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Ifsuchclausesornotationsappearinthedocument,itisregardedasuncleanandwouldthennotbeacceptedbybanksindocumentarycredittransactions.,55,However,itshouldbenotedthatatransportdocumentev

32、enwithoutsuchclausesornotationswouldusuallynotprovidethebuyerwithincontrovertibleproofasagainstthecarrierthatthegoodswereshippedinconformitywiththestipulationsofthecontractofsale.,56,InordertoavoiddifficultiesofinterpretingtheircontractthepartiesshouldusethecorrectIncotermwhichisCFR,theonlyworld-wid

33、e-acceptedstandardabbreviationforthetermCostandFreight(.namedportofdestination)“返回,57,insurance,Thereareonlytwotermswhichdealwithinsurance,namelyCIFandCIP.Underthesetermsthesellerisobligedtoprocureinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer.,58,SinceinthesaleofcommoditiesundertheCIFtermthebuyermaywishtosellthe

34、goodsintransittoasubsequentbuyerwhointurnmaywishtoresellthegoodsagain,itisimpossibletoknowtheinsurancecoversuitabletosuchsubsequentbuyersand,therefore,theminimumcoverunderCIFhastraditionallybeenchosenwiththepossibilityforthebuyertorequirethesellertotakeoutadditionalinsurance.,59,Itisparticularlyimpo

35、rtantfortheCIP-buyertoobservethis:shouldadditionalcoverberequired,heshouldagreewiththesellerthatthelattercouldtakeoutadditionalinsuranceor,alternatively,arrangeforextendedinsurancecoverhimself.,60,Therearealsoparticularinstanceswherethebuyermaywishtoobtainevenmoreprotectionthanisavailable,61,Ifhewis

36、hesthesellertoarrangesuchinsurancehemustinstructhimaccordinglyinwhichcasethesellerwouldhavetoprovidesuchinsuranceifprocurable.返回,62,DtermsIntroductionsDAFDESDEQDDUDDP小结返回,63,TheDtermsaredifferentinnaturefromtheCterms,sincetheselleraccordingtotheDtermsisresponsibleforthearrivalofthegoodsattheagreedpl

37、aceorpointofdestinationattheborderorwithinthecountryofimport.,64,Thesellermustbearallrisksandcostsinbringingthegoodsthereto.Hence,theDtermssignifyarrivalcontracts,whiletheCtermsevidencedeparture(shipment)contracts.返回,65,DAFDELIVEREDATFRONTIER(.namedplace)Deliveredatfrontiermeansthatthesellersobligat

38、ionsarefulfilledwhenthegoodshavearrivedatthefrontierbutbeforethecustomsborderofthecountrynamedinthesalescontract.,66,Thetermisprimarilyusedwhengoodsarecarriedbyrailortruck.Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskindeliveringthegoodsuptothispoint,butthebuyermustarrangeandpayforthegoodstoclearcustoms.返回,67,DE

39、SDELIVEREDEXSHIP(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellershallmakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,68,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthere.Thecostofunloadingthegoodsandanycustomsdutiesmustbepaidbythebuyer.返回,69,DEQDELIVEREDEXQUAY(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellerhasagreedtomakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayorwharfattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,70,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandrisksindeliveringthegoodstothatpointincludingunloading.返回,71,DDUDELIVEREDDUTYUNPAID(.namedplaceofd