张汉熙高级英语第二册课件第9课.ppt

1、(Edited)VariationsonathemebyWilliamJamesURSULALEGUIN,9.TheOnesWhoWalkAwayfromOmelas,Objectives,TounderstandthetextTolearntheusefulwordsandphraseslearnaboutanallegorystory,TeachingContents,1.Introduction(10min.)2.Detailedstudyofthetext(140min.)3.Structureanalysis(5min.)4.Languageappreciation(5min.)5.

2、Summaryofwordsandphrases(5min)6.Exercises(15min),1.Introduction,Theauthor:UrsulaK.LeGuinisawell-knownsciencefictionandfantasywriter.,UrsulaLeGuin,ShewasborninBerkeley,Californiain1929.AftergraduatingfromRadcliffCollege,shetookanM.A.degreeatColumbiaUniversity.Herwritingsforceustore-examinemanyoftheth

3、ingsthatweoncetookforgranted,likeourcities,ourpoliticalandsocialstructures,etc.,UrsulaLeGuin,Shebeganwritingduringthe1950s,butnotuntilthe60sdidshebeginpublishing.LeGuinsworkhasappealedtoawideraudiencethansciencefictionfans.Bringingasocialscientistseyeandafeministssensibilitytosciencefiction,shehasem

4、ployedthisspeculativegenretocriticizecontemporarycivilization.,UrsulaLeGuin,Manyofherstorieslike“TheOnesWhoWalkAwayFromOmelas”(1974HugoAward)createcompleximaginarycivilizations,envisionedwithanthropologicalauthority.LeGuinhasalsowrittenpoetryandjuvenilefiction,includingtheEarthseavideo-2trilogy,Wiza

5、rdofEarthseavideo-2(1968),TheTombsofAtuanvideo-2(1971),andTheFarthestShorevideo-2(1972),whichrankamongtheclassicsofmodernchildrensliterature.ShelivesinPorland,Oregon.,UrsulaLeGuin,InaninterviewwithLarryMcCafferytheauthorexplainswhyshelikesthesciencefictionform.Shesays:“Sciencefictionallowsmetohelppe

6、oplegetoutoftheirculturalskinsandintotheskinsofotherbeings.Inthatsensesciencefictionisjustafurtherextensionofwhatthenovelhastraditionallybeen.Inmostfictiontheauthortriestogetintotheskinofanotherperson;insciencefictionyouareoftenexpectedtogetintotheskinofanotherpersonfromanotherculture.,WilliamJames,

7、(1842-1910),Americanphilosopher,WilliamJames,HewasbornNewYorkCityandgraduatedfromHarvardUniversityin1869withadoctorofMedicinedegree.In1872hejoinedtheHarvardfacultyasalectureronanatomyandphysiology(生理学),continuingtoteachuntil1907(3yearslaterhedied),after1880inthedepartmentofpsychologyandphilosophy.In

8、1890hepublishedhisbrilliantandepoch-makingPrinciplesofPsychology,inwhichtheseedsofhisphilosophyarealreadydiscernible/perceptive.,WilliamJames,JamessfascinatingstyleandhisbroadcultureandcosmopolitanoutlookmadehimthemostinfluentialAmericanthinkerofhisday.Hisphilosophyhasthreeprincipleaspects-hisvolunt

9、arism,hispragmatism,andhis“radicalempiricism.”,Thetext,ThistextistakenfromTheNortonAnthologyofShortFiction.Thiswritingmaybecalledapieceofallegoricaldescription.,Allegory（讽喻）inliterature,isasymbolicstorythatservesasadisguisedrepresentationformeaningsotherthanthoseindicatedonthesurface.Thecharactersin

10、anallegoryoftenhavenoindividualpersonality,butareembodimentsofmoralqualitiesandotherabstractions.,Allegory,Theallegoryiscloselyrelatedtoparable/religiousteachingstory,fable,/animalstory,andmetaphor,differingfromthemlargelyinintricacyandlength.Althoughallegoryisstillusedbysomeauthors,itspopularityasa

11、literaryformhasdeclinedinfavorofamorepersonalformofsymbolicexpression.,“Omelas”,SoOmelasshouldnotbereadasarealisticstory.LeGuinisplayingaroundwiththeoldideaaboutthegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumberandtakingittoitslogicalextreme.Whatif,magically,alltheevilintheworldcouldbeheapedononepersonandeveryonee

12、lsecouldbehappy.Woulditbeworthwhileorwouldtheinjusticedonetothatoneprobablyretardedchildoutweighthegoodofalltherest.,Theoneswhowalkawayarebuyingoutofthesystem,refusingtoaccepttheirownhappinessifitcomesattheexpenseofsomeoneelse.Ononelevelthestorycanbeunderstoodaboutthewesternworldlivingoffthesufferin

13、gofthethirdworld.Onanotherlevelitcanbeunderstoodaboutoursocietysrefusaltoacceptthelegitimacyoftheplightofthepoor.,Noteon“TheOnesWhoWalkAwayFromOmelas”:,UrsulaK.LeGuinonceexplainedinoneofherstorycollectionTheWindsTwelveQuarters,Thecentralideaofthispsychomyth,thescapegoat,turnsupinDostoyevskysBrothers

14、Karamazovandseveralpeoplehaveaskedme,rathersuspiciously,whyIgavethecredittoWilliamJamesvideo-2Thefactis,Ihaventbeenabletore-readDostoyevsky,muchasIlovedhim,sinceIwastwenty-five,andIdsimplyforgottenheusedtheidea.ButwhenImetitinJamess“TheMoralPhilosopherandtheMoralLife”itwaswithashockofrecognition.,Of

15、courseIdidntreadJamesandsitdownandsay,NowIllwriteastoryaboutthat“lostsoul.”Itseldomworksthatsimply.Isatdownandstartedastory,justbecauseIfeltlikeit,withnothingbuttheword“Omelas”inmind.Itcamefromaroadsign:Salem(Oregon)backwards.SalemequalsPeace.Melas.Omelas.Omelas.“Wheredoyougetyourideasfrom,MsLeGuin?

16、”FromforgettingDostoyevskyandreadingroadsignsbackwards,naturally.Whereelse?,Thegeneralideaofthetext:,Inthisallegoricalwriting,LeGuinbringsuparatherprovocativetheme,thenatureofhappinessandonwhatitdepends.Inthebeginning,LeGuinfashionsautopiancity,Omelas.ItiscelebratingtheFestivalofSummer.Thereisanairo

17、fexcitementthroughoutthecitywithitsclangingbells,flag-adornedboats,beautifulbuildingsandjoyfulprocessions.,Peoplemarchinprocessiontowatchahorserace,whichwillbeginverysoon.ThenLeGuincommentsindirectlyonthepeopleofOmelastoconvincethattheyarenotsimplebuthappy.Accordingtoher,theirhappinessisbasedonajust

18、discriminationofwhatisnecessary,whatisneithernecessarynordestructive,andwhatisdestructive.Theydowithoutmonarchy,slavery,oranycommercial,politicalormilitaryinstitution.ThereisnoguiltinOmelas.Peopleliveahappylifewhichtheyloveearnestly.,However,LeGuindisclosesthetruthofOmelashappinessshortly,whichshock

19、sthereaders.InacellarinOmelasachildhasbeenlockedinatinyroomandmistreatedforaverylongtime.AllthehappinessofOmelasisbasedonitssuffering.ThepeopleofOmelasacceptthisasaterriblejusticeofrealityandletthechildsmiserygoon.,Bythissharpcontrastbetweentheformerhappinessandthepresentcruelty,LeGuindrawstheattent

20、ionuponherthemethenatureandbasisofhappinessshouldthehappinessofthemanybebaseduponthesufferingofthefew?Butsheprovidesnosolutionexceptanopen,thought-provokingendingthatsomepeopleleaveOmelasafterseeingthechild.,2.Detailedstudyofthetext,“TheOnesWhoWalkAwayfromOmelas”:InUrsulaLeGuinsshortstory,Theoneswho

21、walkawayfromOmelas,shebringsuptheideaofthescapegoatwho,bylivingalifeofconstantsuffering,ensuresthateveryoneelseinthecityofOmelashastheperfect,happylife.Theyallknowitisthere,thepeopleofOmelas.,theyallunderstandthattheirhappiness,thebeautyoftheircity,thetendernessoftheirfriendships,thehealthoftheirchi

22、ldren,thewisdomoftheirscholars,theskilloftheirmakers,eventheabundanceoftheirharvestsandthekindlyweathersoftheirskies,dependwhollyuponthischildsabominablemisery.,Somepeople,ofcourse,cannotaccepttheideathattofreethechildwouldbetoletmiseryintothelivesofeveryoneinOmelas,toletinguilt,eveniftheyacceptthat

23、thechild,ruinedbyitsmiserablelife,wouldnotbeabletounderstandorindeedsurvivethefreeandjoyousworldoutsideitscell.,Thesepeoplecannotstandtolivedependentonanothersmisery;theyrefusetobenefitfromthechildssuffering,thoughtheymakenoapparentefforttohelpthechild.Ineffect,theyoptoutofthesystem,andtheydonttryto

24、fixit.ThesearetheoneswhowalkawayfromOmelas.,Omelasisafictionalcityofhappinessenvisagedbythewriter.ShedescribesemotionallyandcolorfullythecityofOmelasanditscitizensbutitisapieceofallegoricaldescription.Inreality,however,shediscoursesonaratherprovocativethemethenatureofhappinessandonwhatitdepends.,Wha

25、tdoesUrsulaLeGuinwanttotellusthroughherstory?,Throughherstorytheauthorwantstoshockreaderstothinkagainaboutaphilosophicalquestion:couldonebehappyinaworldthatprovidedeveryperfectiononecouldwishIFitdependedononepersonlivinginabsolutemisery?,VariationsonathemebyWilliamJames:,ThetextdiscussesonathemebyWi

26、lliamJames.TheauthorshowsdifferentideasfromWilliamJamesthemeconcerninghappinessandwhatitisbasedon.,Para.1,thecityofOmelas,WhatdoesParagraph1describe?,thehappycityofOmelas.Omelasisaportcitybytheseawithbrighttowersandhouseswithredroofsandpaintedwalls.Therearetree-linedavenues,moss-growngardens,greatpa

27、rksandpublicbuildings.Towardsthenorthsideofthecitythereisagreatwater-meadowcalledtheGreenFields.FarofftothenorthandwestaremountainswithsnowypeakshalfencirclingOmelas.,ThepeopletherewerejoyouslycelebratingtheFestivalofSummerwithmusic,danceandprocessions.Men,womenandchildrenexceptfortheriderswhowerena

28、ked.Thehighlightofthecelebrationswasahorseracetobeheldonthegreatwater-meadowcalledtheGreenFields.Sothewholecityisimmersedinhappiness.,WithaclamorofbellsthecityOmelas,bright-toweredbythesea:,Theloudringingofthebells,whichsentthefrightenedswallowsflyinghigh,marksthebeginningoftheFestivalofSummerinOmel

29、as.bright-toweredbythesea:Omelasisaportcityby/nearthesea.Ithadwhitetowersthatshonebrightinthesun.,Theriggingoftheboatsinharborsparkledwithflags:,Thelinesandchainsontheshipsweredecoratedwithflagswhichwereshininginthesun.rigging:linesandchainsusedaboardashipespeciallyinworkingsailandsupportingmastsand

30、spars;theriggingU:alltheropes,chains,etc.thatholdupashipssails.e.g.Thesailorclimbeduptheriggingtoseeifhecouldsightland.,.Inthestreetsprocessionsmoved:,Thestreetswerelinedwithhouseswithredroofsandpaintedwalls.Betweenthehousestherewereoldmoss-growngardens.Therewerealsoavenueslinedwithshadytrees.Thecit

31、yhadmanybigparksandpublicbuildings.Thereweremanyprocessionsmovingthroughthestreetsandavenues.Inthislongsentence,themainidea“processionsmoved”isattheendofthesentence.Thisisagoodexampleofalongperiodicsentence(圆周句),precededbyastringofmodifiers.,Someweredecorous:,oldpeopleinlongstiffrobesofmauveandgrey,

32、gravemasterworkmen,quiet,merrywomencarryingtheirbabiesandchattingastheywalked.Someoftheseprocessionsweremarkedbyproprietyandgoodtaste,becausetheyweremadeupofoldpeople,gravemasterworkmenandwomencarryingbabies.Therewerenochildrenoryoungpeopleamongthem.Inthislongsentence,themainideaisatthebeginning.Thi

33、sisanexampleofaloosesentence(松散句).Thewriterusesavastvarietyofsentencestructures.,decorous:adj.fml.(ofappearanceorbehavior)correct;showingproperrespectforthemannersandcustomsofsociety.,e.g.Behaviorthatisdecorousispoliteandcorrectanddoesntoffendpeople.Hegavehiswifeadecorouskiss.Teenageloversarestrolli

34、ngdecorously.mauve:adj.havingapalepurplecolour.n.sth.thatismauveisofapalepurplecolore.g.mauvewritingpaper,Inotherstreetsthemusicbeatfaster,ashimmeringofgongandtambourine,andthepeoplewentdancing,theprocessionwasadance:,Inotherstreetstheprocessionsweredifferent.Themusicwasmuchfasterandonecouldseethegl

35、immeringlightreflectedfromgongsandtambourines.Thepeopledancedtothemusicastheymovedforward.Thewholeprocessionwasadance.shimmer:shinewithasofttremulousslightlyshakinglight;glimmer,Childrendodgedinandoutoverthemusicandthesinging:,Thechildrenranaboutplayfully,nowinandnowoutoftheprocession.Theirhigh-pitc

36、hedshoutingcouldbeheardclearlyabovethemusicandsinginglikethecallsoftheswallowsflyingbyoverheard.,dodge:v.toavoid(sth.)bymovingsuddenlyaside.,e.g.Hedodgedthefallingrockandescapedunhurt.Shedodgedpastme.infml.toavoid(aresponsibility,duty,etc.)byatrickorinsomedishonestwaye.g.Shesomehowmanagedtododgeallt

37、hedifficultquestions.dodger:ataxdodger,adraftdodger逃避服兵役者dodge:n.infml.acleverwayofavoidingsth.orofdeceivingortrickingsb.ataxdoge逃税花招,synonyms:avoid,escape,avert,evade,elude,avert:toprevent(sth.unpleasant)fromhappeninge.g.Anaccidentwasavertedbyhisquickthinking.evade:derog.toavoid(esp.adutyorresponsi

38、bility),esp.usingdeceptione.g.Givemeadirectanswerandstopevadingtheissue.elude:escapefromesp.bymeansofatricke.g.Thefoxsucceededineludingthehuntersbyrunningbackintheoppositedirection.,theirhighcallsrisingliketheswallowscrossingflightsoverthemusicandthesinging:asimile,flight:rising,settlingorflyinginaf

39、lock,Alltheprocessionswoundtowardsthenorthsideofthecity:,Thestreetstwistedandturnedsotheprocessionsalsotwistedandturnedasitmovedforwardtothenorthsideofthecity.wound:pastparticipleoftheverbwindtomake(onesway)inawindingortwistingcourse.,whereonthegreatwater-meadowexercisedtheirrestivehorsesbeforethera

40、ce:,Thisisanattributiveclausemodifyingthenorthsideofthecity.Themainstructureoftheclauseis“where(onthegreatwater-meadow)boysandgirlsexercisedtheirrestivehorsesbeforetherace.”,naked:,Thisshowstheboysandgirlswereverynaturalandunsophisticated.Theydidnotfeeltherewasanythingwronginbeingnakedandbarefoot.,l

41、ithe:adj.(esp.ofpeopleoranimals)abletobendandmoveeasilyandgracefully,e.g.thelithebodiesofthedancersexercisedtheirrestivehorsesbeforetherace:puttheirhorsesthroughsomeexercisesbecausethehorseswereeagertostartandstubbornlyresistingthecontroloftheriders,restive:stubbornlyresistingcontrol;unruly;disobedi

42、ent;unwillingtokeepstillorbecontrolled,nervous,e.g.Ifyourerestive,youreimpatient,bored,ordissatisfied.Thehorsesarerestivetonight;theremustbewolvesabout.Thecrewwererestiveandrebellious.restively:adv.restivenessn.,Thehorsesworenogearatallbutahalterwithoutbit:,Thehorsesdidntwearharnessbutaropeorleather

43、bandwithoutbit.gear:n.theharnessforahorsehalter:aropeorleatherbandfastenedroundahorseshead,esp.toleaditBit:n.ametalbar,partofabridle,thatisputinthemouthofahorseandusedforcontrollingitsmovements马嘴子；马衔,Theirmaneswerebraidedwithstreamersofsilver,gold,andgreen:,Themanesofthehorseswerealsodecoratedwithsm

44、allsilver,goldandgreenflags.,mane:n.thelonghairalongthetopandsidesoftheneckofcertainmammals,suchasthehorseandthemalelionbraid:erweavethreeormorestrandsof(hair,straw,etc.)streamer:alongnarrowpieceofcoloredpaper,usedsep.fordecoratingatparties;alongnarrowflag,Theyflaredtheirnostrilsandprancedandbo

45、astedtooneanother:,Thewriterusespersonificationherebytreatingthehorsesashumanbeings.Thehorsesopenwidertheirnostrils,jumpedaboutandseemedtobeboastingtooneanother.Allthisshowsthehorsesexcitementbeforetherace.,flare:to(causeto)openoutwards,esp.towidengraduallytowardstobottom,e.g.flaredtrousersHernostri

46、lsflaredwithanger.flare:n.awideningtowardsoneende.g.trouserswithwideflaresprance:v.(ofanimal,esp.ahorse)tojumphighormovequicklybyraisingthefrontlegsandspringingforwardsonthebacklegs,thehorsesbeingtheonlyanimalwhohasadoptedourceremoniesashisown.:,anominativeabsoluteconstructionandacontinuationofperso

47、nification.Thehorsewastheonlyanimalthatconsideredtheceremoniesofhumanbeingsasalsotheirceremonies.,FarofftothenorthandwestthemountainsstooduphalfencirclingOmelasonherbay:,FarofftothenorthandweststoodupthemountainshalfsurroundingOmelasonhercoast.,thesnowstillcrowningthemilesofsunlitair,underthedarkblu

48、eofthesky:,averybeautifulmetaphordescribingthesunlitsnowpeaks.Thewhitesnowpeaksglowingwithgoldensunlightseemedtobeonfire.Thedarkblueoftheskymakesthegoldenpeaksstandoutmoreclearly.,onecouldhearandbrokeoutintothegreatjoyousclangingofthebells:,Themusicthroughthestreetsfarandnearwasaspleasantasthesweetp

49、erfumeofflowers.Themusicwassometimesfaintanddistantbutsometimesgatheredinstrengthandfinallyclimaxedinthejoyousclangingofbells.,fartherandnearerandeverapproaching:,thesewords,inagrammaticalway,alsoindicatethemusicmovementheardfromthestartingplace“farther”tothecomparativedegree“nearer”tothecontinuoust

50、ense“approaching,”stressingthedistanceisgettingshorterandshorter.,acheerfulfaintsweetnessoftheair:,ametaphordescribingthebeautifulmusic,Para.2,questioningthejoyoftheOmelaspeople,Joyous!Howisonetotellaboutjoy?HowdescribethecitizensofOmelas?,Theveryshortparagraphisaspecialfeatureofthispieceofwriting.T

51、hewriterusestwoshortquestionstointroducetwoimportantsubjects.InthenextlongparagraphshedescribesthepeopleofOmelasandexpressesherviewsonjoyandhappiness,whichisthemainthemeofthewriter.,Para.3,thewritersviewonthejoy,andtheOmelaspeople,Butwedonotsaythewordsofcheermuchanymore:,Buttheordinarypeopledonotmen

52、tionwordslikehappyandjoybecausebeinghappyistheirwayoflifeandisnolongeraproblem.we:theordinarypeople,Allsmileshavebecomearchaic:,Smilingtoshowoneshappinessisoldfashionedforthereisnoneedofitnow.,Givenadescriptionsuchasthisonetendstomakecertainassumptions:,Assumingthatthesmilesaredescribedinthisway,peo

53、pleareinclinedtoexplainwhytheyarelikethisastheythemselvesimagine.Afterreadingtheabovedescriptionthereaderislikelytoassumecertainthings.suchasthis:thisreferstotheabovesentence:Allsmileshavebecomearchaic.,Givenadescriptionbygreat-muscledslaves.,AfterreadingtheabovedescriptionthereadermayassumethatOmel

54、asisafeudalkingdomwhereonecanseethekingridingabeautifulhorsesurroundedbynobleknightsoragoldenlittercarriedbystrongwell-builtslaves.litter:acoveredandcurtainedcouchprovidedwithshaftsandusedforcarryingasinglepassenger,Idonotknowtherulesandlawsoftheirsociety,butIsuspectthattheyweresingularlyfew:,Idonot

55、knowwhattherulesandlawsoftheirsocietyarebutIguesstheywereexceptionallyfew.singularly:exceptionally,unusually,Astheydidwithoutmonarchyandthebomb.,Theymanagedwithoutmonarchyandslavery.Inthesameway,theyalsomanagedwithoutthestockexchange,theadvertisement,thesecretpolice,andthebomb.,asso:inthesamewayas,s

56、o,e.g.Aswateristhemostimportantofliquids,soairisthemostimportantofgases.Asbeeslovesweetness,sofliesloverottenness.Asthewindblewharder,sotheseagrewrougher.,thebomb:itreferstotheBomb,atomicbomb,nuclearweapons,dowithout:managewithout;dispensewith,WhatthingsdothecitizensofOmelasdonothave?,Theydowithoutm

57、onarchyandslaveryandalsowithoutthestockexchange,theadvertisement,thesecretpolice,thebomb,theclergyandsoldiers.Theydonothavecarsnorhelicopters.Andonethingthereisnoneofisguilt.,thesewerenotsimplefolk,notdulcetshepherds,noblesavages,blandutopians:,ThecitizensofOmelaswerenotagroupofnavepeople.Theywereno

58、tshepherdswhohadamelodiousvoiceandweregoodatsinging,norprimitivepeoplewholivedinavirtuous,innocentstateuncorruptedbycivilization,noragreeableandcourteouspeoplewhobelievedinautopia,aperfectsociety.,dulcet:lit.orhumor(esp.ofsounds)sweetandcalming,e.g.Dulcetsoundsaregentleandpleasanttolistento;oftenuse

59、dhumorously.Shespokeindulcettones.IwakeuptothedulcettonesoftheRadioFournews.,blandadj.,(ofpeopleortheirbehavior)showingnostrongfeelingsoropinionsorothernoticeablequalities,esp.soastoavoidcausingtroubleorgivingoffence.e.g.Someonewhoisblandiscalm,unexcitedandpolite.Theradiostationsblandcoverageoftheelectioncampaign温和报道Manfredsmiledhisblandsmile.(offood)withoutmuchtasteThissoupistooblandforme.,shepherds:,allusion,suggestingoneofthehistoricalsymbolsofpastoralism:ashepherdandhissheep.PastoralismcelebratedtheinnocentlifeofshepherdsusuallyfromanidealizedGoldenAgeofrusticinnocenceand