第二单元写作说明的顺序.ppt

1、部编本人教版八年级语文下册,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

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3、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,1.掌握说明文写作的一些基本顺序。 2.理解说明顺序的安排取决于说明对象的特征，懂得合理安排说明顺序的方法与技巧。 3.学以致用，在言之有物的基础上做到言之有序。,一 你有自己特别熟悉、喜欢的小天地吧？比如你自己的房间，你在教室里的座位，校园里的某个角落等。以“我的小天地”为题，写一个片段，向别人介绍它。200字左右。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

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5、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,二 智能手机、平板电脑、电视机顶盒、无线路由器我们生活中的科技新产品层出不穷。选择一种产品，写一篇文章介绍它的功能和使用方法。不少于600字。 三 你生活在城市还是农村？这几年来，你觉得周围的环境有了哪些变化？原因是什么？以“我周围的环境”为话题，写

6、一篇事理说明文，题目自拟。不少于600字。,1.确定说明对象后，先考虑写哪些内容，再选择合适的说明顺序，注意准确使用方位词。 2.介绍产品时可以设想一个特定的受众，尽量用他能够理解的话语进行说明，也可采用问答的形式组织全文。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

7、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

8、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,3.写事理说明文，要明确说明对象，写出它的变化。查资料，说明变化的原因。并注意安排好说明的顺序。,合理的说明顺序是指能充分表现事物或事理本身特征的顺序。在说明文中确立说明顺序很重要。或用时间顺序，或用空间顺序，或用逻辑顺序，还可以以一种顺序为主，兼用其他顺序。,一、说明顺序,1.说明顺序的分类 说明文的顺序主要有以下三种： （1）空间顺序：即是按事物空间结构的顺序来说明。

9、像介绍一座建筑、一处园林、一片山水。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

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11、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,（2）时间顺序：是指按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。如果要介绍事物的发展情况，比如印刷术的发明与演进、汽车技术的发展、计 算机的历史等，就适合采用时间顺序，介绍其发展过程中的几个重要历史节点，显示事物发展的阶段性。有时候，为了说明事物的制作过程，或者撰写实验报告，我们也常常按照步骤或程序的先后顺序来写，呈现出“过程”来，这是一种特殊的时间顺序。,（3）逻辑顺序：按照事物或事理的内部联系及人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。或由个别到一般，或由具体到抽象，或由主要到次要，或由现象到本质，或由原因到结果，分别做出说明。这种说明顺序一般运用于事理说

12、明文中。,2.选择说明顺序的标准 一篇说明文采用何种说明方法，一般应考虑以下两点： （1）与说明对象有关。如果介绍一座建筑物或者景点，我们一般采用的是空间顺序；如果介绍事物的发展过程，我们主要采用时间顺序；如果介绍事物的道理，一般采用的是逻辑顺序。具体采用什么样的说明顺序，要根据说明对象而定。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

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14、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,（2）与说明对象的特点有关。说明文都是介绍事物和事理的文章，要想写好一篇说明文，就要抓住说明对象的特点来写，选用合适的说明顺序有利于凸显说明对象的特点。,二、写作思路,说明文是以说明为主，兼用叙述、描写、议论等表达方式，用以介绍事物、解说事理的文体。它主要是介绍客观事物的形状、构造、性质、特点、成因、关

15、系、功用，解释事理的含义、特点、演变过程等。因为说明文以普及科学知识为目的，所以它以客观介绍为主，一般不表示作者的主张和思想感情的倾向。同时说明文的语言必须简洁、准确、明白，让人易懂易解。写作思路如下：,技巧指导,（一）仔细观察事物 要抓住事物的特征，首先必须对事物有全面的了解。怎样才能了解事物呢？最根本的办法是在生活实践中细致地观察事物。 要下工夫仔细观察事物，从复杂的现象中抓住它的特征，认清它的本质。可用眼、耳、口、鼻、体、肤等感觉器官，对说明的事物进行看、听、尝、嗅、触、摸，必要时还要动手做实验，以获得这些事物的第一手感性材料。如对一朵花，要从形、色、香等几方面观察；要说明自行车的构造，

16、除仔细观察外，不妨动手拆一拆，,技巧指导,装一装，通过实践全面掌握自行车的构造。有些事物的某些特征，还要经过长期细致的观察，才能了解清楚。如要了解燕子的生活习性，就要随时观察，看它白天、晚上怎么样，春天、冬天怎么样，晴天、雨天怎么样等等；而且要多观察几只燕子，才能了解得更加全面。郑板桥把竹画得形神俱备，这与他长期仔细观察，胸有成竹不无关系，写文章也应如此。有些事物不是观察就能了解清楚的，如写历史事物、古代制度等，不可能完全依靠观察，还需要采用其他方式调查研究，或者借助他人的经验。因此，可以通过查阅词典、辞海、知识手册或有关书籍研究资料或请教他人等方式来掌握事物的特征。,技巧指导,（二）抓住事物

17、特点 抓住事物特点，把握说明中心，这是写说明文的一个重要要求。同一事物往往有多方面的特征。从范畴上讲，特征大体上分为外部特征、内部构造特征、发生发展特征、成因特征和功用特征。从主次地位讲，特征分为本质特征和非本质特征。因此，我们要尽可能全面地列出某一事物的全面特征，以便抓住某一事物区别于其他事物最本质、最主要的方面。例如景泰蓝的制作一文则主要抓住其手工操作和制作过程中的繁复、精细的特点进行介绍。又如“能制造和利用生产工具，能思想，有语言，直立行走”，这是人类特有的,技巧指导,能思想，有语言，直立行走”，这是人类特有的属性。但前三个是本质的、有决定性的，后一个是非本质的、派生性的，写作时只要抓住

18、前面三点说明就行了。如果面面俱到，反而会使文章详略不当，主次不分，重点不突出。 （三）确定说明顺序 （1）结合说明对象的性质确定说明顺序。 如实物说明文：具有一定的形体，人们可以通过感官知道的具体物品，可按时间或空间顺序说明；程序说明文：用来说明制作程序、使用程序等，可按制作程序或使用程序来写；事理说明文：指的是说明某事物的成因、关系、方法、原理等，一般用逻辑顺序。,技巧指导,（2）注意使用表明顺序的词语或语句 。 在运用时间顺序的说明文中，常有一些标志性词语：如“首先（先）”“接着（接下来）”“然后”“最后”等；介绍建筑物的实物说明文一般按由上到下（或由下到上）、由远及近（或由近及远）等方位

19、顺序安排结构。 （四）采用恰当的说明方法 说明文中常用的说明方法有下定义、分类别、举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、画图表、作诠释等。采用什么样的说明方法，取决于说明的目的和事物的特征。,技巧指导,下面提示几种重要的说明方法，或许有助于你写好说明文。 （1）下定义。就是抓住事物或事理最重要、最本质的特征来说明，所说明的内容应该是周全的，所用的语句应该是精准、简明的。看云识天气中有较多的下定义的语句，例如说明“晕”：“ 在太阳和月亮的周围，有时会出现一种美丽的七彩光圈，里层是红色的，外层是紫色的。这种光圈叫作晕。”,技巧指导,（2）分类别。写事物说明文，先想好事物有哪几个方面的特点，再加以说明；写

20、事理说明文，先想好用哪些事物或现象来说明这个科学道理。如看云识天气这篇事物说明文写天上的云，从大的方面分为晴天的“薄云”和阴雨天“低而厚密的云层”，其中“薄云”又分为“卷云”“卷积云”“积云”和“高积云”等。这样分类，可以给读者一个更加清晰的印象。,技巧指导,（3）列数字。说明文为了准确地说明事物，常常用数字说话。这种数字应该是精准无误的，不能凭空想象或估算；如果不能确定其数字，应该加上“大约”“左右”等词。例如故宫博物院介绍故宫宏观布局时使用了不少数字，体会到文章的科学性、严谨性。 （4）打比方。说明大家陌生的事物时，打个比方，能让读者更容易明白；说明大家并不陌生的事物时，为了增强表达效果，

21、也可以打个比方。例如中国石拱桥开篇说：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”通过“虹”的比方，让人在脑海里马上产生石拱桥的大概形象。,技巧指导,（5）引资料。为了让说明的内容更加丰富、充实，可以适当地引用一些资料，如名人著述、公式定律、谚语、典故等。例如中国石拱桥引用水经注的话，推断“旅人桥”是有记录的最早的石拱桥；引用意大利人马可波罗的游记的话，说明卢沟桥的“独一无二”“闻名世界”。,技巧指导,（五）运用准确的语言 说明文语言的要求是准确、简明。说明文可以写得朴素平实，也可以写得生动有趣。但做到语言准确、简明，文字通俗浅显，是写作说明文的基本功。 （1）语言准确，就是表述符合实际情况或者科学规律，

22、可采用以下技法： 用具体的数据体现准确； 使用表示修饰、限制的词语，使语言准确； 有时由于需要而使用术语，体现了语言的准确性。,技巧指导,（2）语言简明，就是简单明白，怎样使语言简明呢？要注意锤炼语言，尽量用较少的文字表达丰富而准确的意思。,三、技巧点拨 （一）根据说明对象确定说明顺序,技巧指导,技巧指导,技巧指导,技巧指导,技巧指导,智能手机的自述 Hi，朋友们，大家好！知道我是谁吗？哈哈，猜对啦！我是社会的新生事物手机！ 我的种类很多，有华为、VIVO、iPhone应有尽有；颜色有象牙白、大红、玫瑰金、全黑等等，色彩缤纷；身型呀，就更多啦，各种尺寸供你挑选，数不胜数。,运用分类别的说明方法

23、，从品牌、颜色、款式介绍其特点。,由于我的出现，邮票、BB机、大哥大都纷纷下岗啦！我的用处可大啦，如今，社会上处处都可见到我忙碌的身影。这不，我正随着主人来到旅游胜地。这儿真美啊！绿树成荫，繁花似锦，碧波荡漾。主人拿着我，在我身上轻轻一按，我就成了照相机啦！一眨眼间，一幅幅美丽的画面便保存在了我的体内。呵呵，数码相机成了待业之族喽！,语言诙谐幽默，说明事物通俗易懂。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

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25、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,悄悄告诉你吧，我的主人还是个股民呢！也许你会问，股民怎么还有闲情去旅游啊！要是股票跌了怎么办？哈哈，这你就不用发愁了！有我这炒股王手机在，主人可以随时把握股市行情，他可以一边炒股，一边尽情游山玩水。 晚上，主人想家了，便拿起我往家

26、里打电话或者视频聊天。虽然与家人天各一方，我却让主人觉,得与亲人近在咫尺，主人还把存在我体内的一幅幅美丽的画面发送回家里，让亲人们也能欣赏到美丽的景色。每逢节假日，我就更忙了。瞧，圣诞节来临了，我忽然觉得浑身一热，不由得震动起来。呵，是主人朋友A发来的祝福短信。我立即唱起了动听的歌儿。主人忙点开我一看：“佳节将至，一个迷路的精灵，它送我一个装着幸福的,宝盒，开启的瞬间，幸福撒向看微信的你，愿你永远幸福！”主人乐得眉开眼笑，在我身上点来点去，痒得我咯咯直笑，原来，他正回短信呢：“我在建行开了个号，没钱就取！给你不多，只有四千万：千万要平安，千万要健康，千万要快乐，千万要记得密码1314（一生一世

27、）！”,短信语言鲜活，幽默风趣，达到了一定的艺术效果。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

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29、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,我想，收到微信的人心里一定是暖暖的！“吱吱吱”我又觉得浑身一震，主人的朋友B的短信又来了，我欢快地唱起了歌儿，提示主人接收微信：“请用一秒钟忘记烦恼，用一分钟想象快乐，用一小时与你喜欢的人度过，用一辈子关怀你爱的人和爱你的人，然后用一个微笑来接收我传递给你的祝福，愿你永远开心！”多么温馨的短信，多么,暖人的祝福，瞧，主人心里乐开了花 我，难道不是社会进步的象征吗？不是社会和谐的见证吗？,巧妙地借用微信的语言，说明手机在现代生活中的重要作用令人感觉“温馨”“暖人”“快乐”。,以反问句结束全文，紧扣意义，耐人寻味。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

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32、地说明了手机的特点、用途，条理清楚，语言准确。文章恰当地运用了举例子、作比较的说明方法，使读者对说明的事物有鲜明深刻的印象。还有一大亮点就是幽默诙谐、流畅自然的语言，颇引人注目。结尾展望了美好未来，给人以憧憬。,名师点评：,（陕西中考）依据下面材料，以“布置我的小天地”（或“我的居室”）为题，写一篇说明文。 假如你有一间居室，居室的面积为15平方米，房间的北面有一个长2米、宽1.5米的窗户，南面有一个宽1米的房门。家具有写字台、小铁床、书柜、方桌、小闹钟各一件，沙发一对，靠背椅两张。此外还有挂图、字联等。这间居室你怎样布置？,要求：（1）自拟题目文体不限； （2）不少于600字； （3）文中不

33、得出现真实的人名、学 校名和地名等。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成