NFPA基本消防及生命安全规范架构.ppt

1、a,1,Basic Fire & Life Safetyfor Radiation Safety Professionals,Robert Emery, DrPH, CHP, CIH, CSP, RBP, CHMM, CPP, ARM Vice President for Safety, Health, Environment, Risk Management & Quality Assurance The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Associate Professor of Occupational Healt

2、h The University of Texas School of Public Health,a,Why do we need fire and life safety codes?,According to the NFPA, in 2007 there were 530,500 structure fires one every minute 3,000 civilian deaths one every 2.5 hours 15,350 civilianinjuries one every 30 minutes $10,600,000,000 in property damage

3、A fire department responded to a fire every 20 seconds,a,Objectives,Introduce the codes that drive fire and life safety compliance Overview of fire detection and suppression Provide tools to conduct a basic fire and life safety assessment,a,Fire Regulations and Codes,Safety and Health Regulations OS

4、HA (29 CFR 1910 & 1926) Fire and Life Safety Codes International Building Code (IBC) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Municipal Requirements,IBC,OSHA,NFPA,NIOSH,a,Additional Requirements,All codes are minimum requirements Insurance company requirements Company policies The Joint Commissio

5、n State and/or City requirements,a,How are These Codes Enforced,Codes are adopted by reference by ordinance. Plans for remodeling or a new construction must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) prior to starting work. State Fire Marshals Office Local Fire Department or City Code Of

6、ficials Designated Local AHJ Take Home Message Know what code(s) apply to your operation,a,Which do I follow?,Remodeling or new construction plans must be approved by authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) prior to starting work State Fire Marshals Office Local Fire Department or City Code Officials De

7、signated Local AHJ,a,Features of Building Fire and Life Safety,Alarms Sprinklers Rated Corridors Exit Access Number of Required Exits Egress Widths Occupant Loads Elevator Recall Fire Rated Doors & Frames,Smoke Control Rated Stairwells Fireproofing Requirements Electrical Safety Construction Combust

8、ibility Fire and Smoke Dampers Emergency Power Roof Assemblies,a,Fire Alarm Systems,Play an Essential Role in Protecting Property and Lives From Fire. Protection Goals Governs System Selection Building Occupant Safety Satisfy Building Codes or AHJ Requirements Property Protection First Responder Saf

9、ety Environmental Protection Combination,a,Fire Alarm Systems,IBC references NFPA 72 for installation and maintenance NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code Basic Components Panel Detection Manual Alarm Notification Off-Premises Connection for Supervision,a,Fire Alarm Systems,Fire Alarm System Will Provid

10、e Three Types of Signals Alarm Trouble indicates a fault in a monitoring circuit or component of the fire alarm system Bad smoke detector Ground fault Supervisory indicates a problem with other fire protection systems being monitored by the fire alarm system Water valve to sprinkler system closed Cl

11、ean agent system problem,Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble,a,Off-Premises Connection for Supervision,a,Common Fire Detection,Smoke Detector Ionization Photoelectric Heat Detectors Fixed Temperature Rate-of-Rise,a,Manual Pull Stations,Manual pull devices will be located on the wall Activated by pulling on a

12、handle Sends signal to buildings fire alarm system which places the building into alarm,a,Notification Appliances,Audible alarms (How loud is loud enough?) Public SPL must be 5 dB above any ambient noise that lasts 60 sec. or more, or 15 dB above the 24-hr average, whichever is greater Sleeping quar

13、ters Minimum of 75 dBA,a,Notification Appliances,Voice Communication Better to have a larger number of lower SPL units vs. a few very loud units Intelligibility can be a problem,a,Notification Appliances,Visual alarms Primarily intended to augment audible alarms Common Locations of Visual Alarms Cor

14、ridors Meeting rooms Restrooms Enclosed elevator lobbies,a,Fire Alarm System Interfaces,Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Duct detectors AHU shut-down Sprinkler water flow alarms Magnetic lock release mechanisms Door unlocking devices Elevator recall Stairwell pressurization,a,System Reliabil

15、ity,Based on Four Elements Design Equipment Underwriters Laboratories Factory Mutual Global Installation Maintenance Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance are crucial Unfortunately, some problems may be identified after the previous three have been completed,a,Fire Suppression,Water Based Suppression

16、 Clean Agent Systems Fire Extinguishers,a,Water Based Suppression,Wet-Pipe System contains water under pressure at all times Series of closed sprinkler heads Heat activates sprinkler head Water is discharged immediately * Not recommended if system could be exposed to temperatures below 40F,a,Wet-Pip

17、e System,Main valve Alarm check valve Fire department check valve Fire department connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head Inspectors test valve,a,Wet-Pipe System,Only the sprinkler heads heated by the fire activate Fire sprinklers spray 18 gallons of water per minute,Sprinkler head,As temperatur

18、e rises the bulb will shatter,Water is released and deflected in a spray pattern,a,Sprinkler Color Codes and Ratings,a,Field Method for Temporary Stoppage of Sprinkler Head,a,Dry-Pipe System,System contains air under pressure Compressor on system keeps pressure up Sprinkler heads hold the pressure A

19、 dry-pipe valve holds back the water supply Valve opens when pressure falls below a predetermined level Sprinkler head activation pressure drop valve opens water sent to all heads water discharged from activated sprinkler head(s) * Recommended for areas that could experience freezing temperatures,a,

20、How do Dry-Pipe Systems Work?,Heat Activated,Pressure Drop,Water Discharges from activated head,Water sent to all sprinkler heads,Valve Opens,a,Dry-Pipe System,Supply check valve Main valve Dry pipe valve Fire department check valve Fire department connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head Inspect

21、ors test valve,a,Pre-action System,System contains air under pressure Compressor on system keeps pressure up Water held back by pre-action valve System equipped with supplemental detection Operation of detection system allows pre-action valve to open and water fills the system Water not discharged u

22、ntil fire has generated sufficient heat to activate a sprinkler head * Typically found in computer rooms and museums,a,How do Pre-Action Systems Work?,Smoke Detected,Water Discharges from activated head,Water sent to all sprinkler heads,Valve Opens,a,Pre-action System,Supply check valve Main valve W

23、ater control or deluge valve Fire department check valve Fire department connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head (closed) Detector Electrical bell Manual release station Control panel Inspectors test valve,a,Fire Pumps,Fire pumps are utilized when the hydraulic demand exceeds public supply capac

24、ity Components Pump and motor Controllers Jockey pump Water tank,a,Water Supply,Standpipe System Class I 2 inch hose connection intended for fire department use Class II 1 inch hose connections intended for first-aid fire fighting Class III Provided with both 2 inch and 1 inch hose connections Fire

25、Department Connection,a,Suppression Without Water,Halon NFPA 12A Being phased out per 1987 Montreal Protocol Carbon Dioxide NFPA 12 Clean Agent NFPA 2001 Inert gas formulation * These systems are often not recognized as allowable substitute for water suppression,a,Fire Extinguishers,NFPA 10 standard

26、 for portable fire extinguishers Select appropriate extinguisher for area Class A, B, C, D, and K Identify hazard occupancy Light Hazard Offices, schools, assembly halls Ordinary Hazard Mercantile storage, parking garages High Hazard Woodworking area, warehouses,a,Conducting a Basic Assessment,Deter

27、mine Your Building Occupancy Type First IBC Occupancy Classifications Assembly: Group A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5 Business: Group B Educational: Group E Factory and Industrial: Groups F-1 and F-2 High Hazard: Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, and H-5 Institutional: Group I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4 Mercantile: Gr

28、oup M Residential: Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 Storage: Groups S-1 and S-2 Utility and Miscellaneous: Group U,a,Conducting a Basic Assessment,Additional Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Covered Mall Buildings High-Rise Buildings Atriums Underground Buildings Motor-Vehicle-Related Occupancies Motion Picture Proj