霍夫斯泰德文化维度

1、Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions,于尚弘,CONTENTS,1.PowerDistance（权力距离）,2.Individualism vs Collectivism （个人主义vs集体主义）,3.Uncertainty Avoidance （不确定性规避）,4.Masculinityvs Femininity （男性度vs女性度）,5.Long-Term Orientation vs Short-term orientation （长期取向vs短期取向）,Power distance is defined as the extent to which the les

2、s powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power isdistributed unequally (Hofstede et al., 2010: 61). People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place that needs no further justification, whereas tho

3、se in small power distance societies strive for power equalization and demand justification for power inequalities.,PowerDistance,定义：在一个国家内部，组织机构中处于弱势地位的成员对权力分布不平等的接受度 在权力距离远的社会中，人们接受等级制度，而不去寻求正义。然而在权力距离小的社会中，人们谋求权力的平等，在不平等面前要求伸张正义。,Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between indiv

4、iduals are loose:everyone is expected to look after him- or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout peoples lifetime continue to protect them in exch

5、ange for unquestioning loyalty (Hofstede et al.,2010: 92).,People in an individualist culture are more concerned with their own self-interest, and will tend to be influenced less by group or societal norms. In a collectivist culture, the individual is more likely to be motivated by group interests.

6、People are guided by what is the best for the group through sharing, cooperation, and group harmony.,Individualism vs Collectivism,个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们对于该群体的绝对忠诚.,在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被集体利益驱使，做出有利于集

7、体的事情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。,Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations (Hofstede et al., 2010: 191). Strong uncertainty avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior and are intolerant towards deviant

8、persons and ideas, but weak uncertainty avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily tolerated.,Uncertainty Avoidance,定义：某种文化中的成员在面对不确定的或未知的情况时感到威胁的程度. 不确定规避性强的社会对于思想和行为有着严格的限制，不能容忍越轨的人和想法；但是不确定规避性弱的社会氛围更加轻松，人们认为实践大于

9、规则，偏离正轨的行为也更容易被人们接受。,Masculinityvs Femininity,男性度代表社会中两性角色差距显著。男性应变现为自信、坚强、注重物质成功而女性应更谦虚、温柔、关注生活质量。相反，女性度意味着社会中两性角色相互重叠。男女都注重维护良好的人际关系，关心弱者，团结一致。,Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material succe

10、ss; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life(Hofstede, 2001: 297). Femininity, as the opposite of masculinity, stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap. They maintain warm personal relationships, care for the weak, and solidarity (Hofstede

11、, 1984).,Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation,Long-term orientation stands for “the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards in particular, perseverance and thrift”. Short-term orientation, as the opposite pole, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and presen

12、t in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling “social obligations”(Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005).,长期导向意味着培育以追求未来回报为导向的品德尤其是坚韧和节俭。与之相对的另一端，短期导向，意味着培育与过去和现在相关的品德尤其是尊重传统、维护面子，以及履行社会义务,References,1Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ and Minkov M (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2Hofstede G (2001) Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 3Hofstede G (1984) Cultures Consequences: Int