高中英语语法句型全覆盖高考最全语法知识

1、高中英语语法,句子成分,主要句子成分： 主语（subject）、 谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、 表语（predicative） 次要句子成分： 定语（attribute)、 状语(adverbial) 宾语补足语 （object complement ）。 主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件，两者缺一不可。,主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！,1) Mr. Wang is a well-known scientist. 2) He reads newspapers everyday. 3) Two an

2、d ten is twelve. 4) Smoking is harmful to the health. 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure. 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.,谓语: 说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 它可以是单个的实义动词，也可以是复合谓语。 即：情态动词/ 助动词实义动词 be动词表语,1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. 2) His father is an engineer. He can run the

3、 new machine 3) She seemed happy. 4) Li Hua showed me his album. But he didnt give me any photos.,宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物.也可以是介词之后的名词或代词。,1) Idder Wang lent me a novel to read in the bus. 2) The medicine is good for a cold. 3) How many pieces do you want? 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.

4、 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight,宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明 宾语 的动作,状态,特征.,1) The manager left her waiting in the office . 2) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. 3) We saw the pupils playing basketball. 4) I dont believe the story true. 5) Y

5、ou should put your things in order. 6) We all call him “an Iron Man”,非谓语动词作宾补时，与宾语存在着逻辑上的主语与谓语关系。 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等作宾补时，与宾语存在着逻辑上的主语与表语的关系 。,名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier. /战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy. /新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作

6、. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road. /我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动 词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。,1)Wangs father is a doctor. 2) He is always careless. 3) The basketball match is on. 4) All the pupils are on the pl

7、ayground now. 5) Our aim is to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French. 7) The question is who can really repair the machines.,定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。,Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students. His boy needs Toms pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy

8、 needs a ball pen. The best boy here is Tom. There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.,定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、

9、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen./小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Tom

10、s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。,名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。T

11、here is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）

12、作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are fi

13、ve boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。,两个以上的单词（副词除外）作定语时，应注意它们的先后排列顺序。一般规则是，与被修饰词关系较密切的词最靠近名词。一般顺序为： 限定词（冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词、名词所有格） 序数词 基数词 描述性形容词（短词在前，长词在后） 大小、长短、形状（large, long, round, narrow) 新旧、年龄、程度（new, old, young, hot, cool) 颜色 国籍 材料 中心词。 e.g. a young Chinese writer a clever little girl a

14、great modern socialist country,Multiple choice He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. cup for coffee C. coffees cup D. coffee cup 2. There are five pairs of shoes _, but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 3. - how was your recent vis

15、it to Qingdao? - it was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _ days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last,4. The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycless shop 5. If I ha

16、d _ , Id visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places. A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough 6. Il like you to give me _ to read. A. different nothing B. something different C. different anything D. anything different 7. A

17、fast food restaurant is the place _ just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. A. which B. where C. there D. what,8. _ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough

18、 brave 9. - Look! My name is on the bag. - Yes. I think this is the same bag _ you lost yesterday. A. as B. that C. like D. who 10. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work. A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained,11. The doctor _ I sh

19、ould have a good rest was going abroad for further education. A. to be suggested B. who suggested C. being suggested D. suggesting 12. - Who is the man talking to the headmaster? - A professor _ a visit to our school. A. paying B. is paying C. paid D. pays 13. If the work _ by the end of month is de

20、layed the construction company will be fined. A. being completed B. to be completed C. have been completed D. will be complete 14. The visit _ to Guilin is worth remembering for ever. A. to pay B. paying C. paid D. being paid,状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,1) She sings quite well

21、. 2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 3) He sits there, asking for a pen. 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5) If I have some spare time, I will take up German.,状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定

22、时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now

23、,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语),分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to fin

24、ish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：Come this way!/

25、走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） The news that Idder will come to our school today is true.,说出下列句子划线部分的句子成分：,1) I saw your uncle in the shop yesterday. 2) Her father beca

26、me a Party member in 1950. 3) To sleep on a spring bed is very comfortable. 4) Mr. Hopkins teaches Mary English. 5) She knows how to teach English properly. 6) The next day, we found him lying in bed, dead. 7) Being Chinese, we care much about how many gold medals the Chinese team has got. 8). Who a

27、re you looking for? 9)When to have a meeting hasnt been made public.,9). It was a pity that you didnt watch that wonderful football match. 10) I think it is necessary for us to learn English. 11) I think it necessary for us to learn English. 12) Many accidents which occur in the streets could be pre

28、vented if we were more careful. 13) The watch which her mother gave to her works very well. 14)His delay of an hour is due to the fact that the train met with a minor accident.,Correcting:,1. It made our school looks liked a school. 2.Everywhere have green trees and flowers. 3.There are many trees a

29、re growing in our school. 4. We found him was having an English lesson. 5. Ill spend the whole day reading and prepare for it . 6. The children went away laughed. 7.The church burned down yesterday date from the 18th century. 8.Its not good to keep children busily with their studies all day long. 9.

30、 Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.,look,are,are,was,Preparing,laughing,dated,busy,Playing,句子成分I: 主语/谓语/宾语,写作离不开句子, 要写好英语的句子, 首先要了解英语的句子由哪些成分构成, 能充当这些成分的是各是什么词。 句子的组成部分分为：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语, 其中主语与谓语是主要成分, 一般不可缺少。本单元复习主语、谓语和宾

31、语。,一、主语 主话表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事。 练习: 请找出下列句子的主语。 The boy comes from America. ( _ ) 2. He usually went to school alone. ( _ ),He代词作主语。,The boy名词作主语。,3. Studying English is very important. ( _ ) 4. To teach him a lesson seems quite necessary. ( _ ),To teach him a lesson不定式短语作主语,Studying English动名词短语作主语。,5.

32、That he won the prize excited everyone. ( _ ) 6. It is important for us to have our dreams. ( _ ),it形式主语to have our dreams不定式短 语作真正的主语。,That he won the prize主语从句作主语。,7. It is obvious that he was wrong. ( _ ) 8. It is no use crying over spilt milk. ( _ ),it形式主语, crying over spilt milk动名词短 语作真正的主语。,it

33、形式主语, that he was wrong 主语从句作真正的主语。,主语一般由名词、_, 或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当(包括 _、_ 还有 _)。另外, 当句子的主语为 _、_或 _时, 主语部分太长, 为使句子平衡, 避免头重脚轻, 常用it作形式主语。,归纳：,主语从句,主格代词(I、she等),不定式,动名词,主语从句,动名词短语,不定式短语,二、 谓语 谓语说明主语的动作 (即主语做了什么事)、状态或特征。谓语由动词或短语动词充当, 或者由“系动词+表语”构成。除了倒装等特殊情况外, 谓语总是位于主语的后面, 即“主语谓语”。,动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实

34、义动词单独作谓语, 连系动词与表语一起构成谓语, 情态动词与动词原形构成合成谓语, 助动词与动词的适当形式(如：原形、现在分词、过去分词)共同构成谓语部分。 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,练习：请找出下列句子的谓语并指出谓语的构成：实义动词、连系动词+表语、情态动词+动词的原形还是助动词+动词的适当形式? 1. His parents are teachers. ( _ ) 2. The sun rises in the east. ( _ ),rises 实义动词。,are teachers 系动词+表语。,3. We have finished reading the boo

35、k. ( _ ) 4. You ought to work harder. ( _ ),ought to work 情态动词+动词原形。,have finished 助动词+动词的过去分词。,5. I felt cold. ( _ ) 6. He doesnt like music. ( _ ),doesnt like 助动词+动词原形。,felt cold 连系动词+表语。,三、宾语 宾语是动词的动作对象。一般由名词、宾格代词(me, her等), 或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当 (包括不定式、动名词还有宾语从句)。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语, 间接宾语说明动作是对谁或为谁而做, 直接

36、宾语则是动作的承受者或结果。一般情况下, 宾语都在动词后面, 顺序是: 主语 谓语 宾语。,练习：请找出下列句子的宾语。 1. He has never met her in person. ( _ ) 2. She handed him a book. ( _ ) 3. He likes to play basketball. (_ ),to play basketball 不定式短语作宾语。,her 宾格代词作宾语。,him 宾格代词作间接宾语，a book 名词作直接宾语。,4. We enjoy listening to the music. ( _ ) 5. She said tha

37、t she felt sick. ( _ ),that she felt sick 宾语从句作宾语。,listening to the music 动名词短语作宾语。,6. They sent the injured to hospital. ( _ ) 7. I find it impossible to believe her any longer. ( _ ),it形式宾语, 不定式短语to believe her any longer 作真正的宾语。,the injured 名词化的形容词作宾语。,8. We consider it no good getting up late. (

38、 _ ) 9. They believed it strange that he should have done that. ( _ ),it形式宾语, 宾语从句that he should have done that作真正的宾语。,it形式宾语, getting up late动名词短语作 真正宾语。,当句子的宾语为_、_、或_时, 常用形式宾语it, 以保持句子的平衡。,宾语从句,不定式短语,动名词短语,注意：,句子成分II： 表语/定语/状语/补,一、表语 系动词是表示人或事物状态、性质的动词, 如: be, get, sound, look, seem, feel等。系动词后 面的

39、部分叫表语。作表语的典型词类是形容词, 也可以名词、数词、极少数副词(如here, there)、介词短语、不定式、分词、表语从句等。系动词与表语共同构成谓语, 说明主语的状态、性质等。,练习：请找出下列句子的表语并指出表语是由什么来充当的(名词、数词、形容词、介词, 不定式, 分词, 还是表语从句)。 1. My wallet is on the desk. ( _ ) 2. The book isnt mine. ( _ ),mine,名词。,on the desk, 介词短语。,3. The leaves turn yellow in fall. ( _ ) 4. He has beco

40、me a police officer. ( _ ),a police officer, 名词。,yellow ,形容词。,5. My suggestion is that we should start at once. ( _ ) 6. My suggestion is to leave at once. ( _ ),to leave at once, 不定式短语。,that we should start at once. 表语从句。,7. His speech was boring. ( _ ) 8. The whole class got excited at the good ne

41、ws. ( _ ),excited, 过去分词。,boring, 现在分词。,二、定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词, 起限定作用。作定语的典型词类是形容词和形容词性物主代词, 也可以是数词、名词、介词短语、分词、定语从句等。定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰复合不定代词(如something)时, 或者是短语或定语从句作定语, 则总是放在所修饰名词的后边。,练习：请找出下列句子的定语并指出定语是由什么充当(形容词、形容词性代词、数词、名词、介词短语、分词还是定语从句) 1. The beautiful sight attracts many tourists every year. ( _ ),b

42、eautiful, 形容词; many, 数词。,2. The wallet on the desk is mine. ( _ ) 3. The demanding boss wasnt satisfied with my work. ( _ ),demanding,现在分词; my,形容词性代词。,on the desk, 介词短语。,4. That building being repaired is our library. ( _ ) 5. He is one of the students that have been late. ( _ ),being repaired, 现在分词

43、短语; our, 形 容词性代词。,one, 数词; that have been late, 定语从句,6. The excited boys burst into cheers. ( _ ) 7. A woman police officer was praised for her good work. ( _ ),woman, 名词; good, 形容词。,excited, 过去分词。,三、状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词, 或整个句子。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等, 作状语的典型词类是副词, 也可以是介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等。,练习：请找出下列句子的状

44、语并指出状语是由什么充当(副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句)。 1. He did his homework carefully at home. ( _ ),carefully,副词; at home, 介词词组。,to do some shopping不定式作目的状语; on Sunday介词短语表时间。,2. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. ( _ ),3. When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. ( _ ) 4. Feeling tired, he went to

45、 bed without supper. ( _ ),Feeling tired, 现在分词短语表原因; without supper, 介词短语表方式。,When I grow up, 时间状语从句。,5. He lost his job due to his lack of patience. ( _ ) 6. Brought up in the country, he finds it hard to adjust himself to city life. ( _ ),Brought up in the country, 过去分词短语表原因。,due to his lack of pa

46、tience 介词短语表原因。,四、补足语 补充说明主语的称为主语补足语; 补充说明宾语的称为宾语补足语。作补足语的典型词类是形容词, 也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。,练习：请找出下列句子的宾语补足语并指出它是由什么充当的(名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词)。 1. They elected John monitor. ( _ ) 2. He treated his mistake as a joke. ( _ ),as a joke, 介词词组。,monitor名词,3. We heard her singing a song. ( _ )

47、4. He told me to make my own decision. ( _ ),to make my own decision, 动词不定式,singing a song, 现在分词短语。,5. I think it wrong of him to decline my offer. ( _ ) 6. He watched an insect caught by a bird. ( _ ),caught by a bird, 过去分词短语。,wrong, 形容词。,如果把主动语态改成被动语态, 宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。 例如： He was acknowledged to be

48、the best player. 他被公认为是最佳选手。 (不定式作主语补足语),【注意】,基本句型一: 主语 + 系动词+表语,陈述句的五个基本句型是写作的基础,掌握了这五个基本句型,就具体初步的写作能力了。从近几年的高考阅卷情况看,只要用能用简单句表述规定的内容要点,就可以拿到及格分数,能拿到及格分数,就意味着大大超过全区作文平均分了。,该句型中, 谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词有： 1. 系动词be。 2. 表感官的系动词。如look, sound， taste, smell, fee

49、l, seem, appear等,3. 表变化的系动词。如become, get, turn, grow, come, go, fall, run等。 4. 表持续的系动词。如remain, keep, stay, stand, rest, lie, hold等。 5. 可带名词作表语的系动词。如be, become, sound, prove, remain, turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如: He turned teacher.)等。,作表语的有名词、形容词、介词短语等。如： He is a boy. 他是一个男孩。(名词) The book is hers. 这本书是她的。

50、(名词性物主代词) He is tall. 他个子高。(形容词),John is in good health. 他身体健康。(介词短语) We were excited at the good news. 听到这个消息我们很兴奋。(过去分词),The book is boring. 这本书很泛味。(现在分词) Her dream is to become a teacher. 她的梦想是做教师。(不定式),My hobby is collecting coins. 我的爱好是收集硬币。(动名词) The reason for my failure was that I hadnt put m

51、y heart into my study. 我失败的原因在于我没有全心全意学习。(表语从句),即时练习：请用“主语+系动词+表语” 句型翻译下列句子。 1. 这台机器的情况良好。 2. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。 3. 他突然病倒了。 4. 他静静地站着。 5. 电梯坏了。,请用“主语+系动词+表语”句型翻译下列句子。 1. 这台机器的情况良好。 This machine is in good condition. 2. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。 2. Silk feels soft and smooth.,3. 他突然病倒了。 3. He has suddenly fallen ill. 4. 他静

52、静地站着。 4. He stood quite still. 5. 电梯坏了。 5. The lift is out of order/ has gone wrong.,6. 未来几天天气将持续寒冷。 7. 那个男人证明是个贼。 8. 我希望你的梦想能成真。(come true) 9. 那就是他居住的地方。(表语从句) 10. 她的工作是在幼儿园照看儿童。,6. 未来几天天气将持续寒冷。 6. It will stay/remain cold (for) several days. 7. 那个男人证明是个贼。 7. The man proved (to be) a thief. 8. 我希望你

53、的梦想能成真。(come true) 8. I hope your dream can come true.,9. 那就是他居住的地方。(表语从句) 9. That is where he lives. 10. 她的工作是在幼儿园照看儿童。 10. Her job is to look after children in the kindergarten.,基本句型二： 主语+不及物动词,本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。如： The machine works smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。(副词),They stopp

54、ed to take a short rest 他们停下来休息。(不定式) He is standing by the window. 他站在窗户边。,即时练习：请用“主语+不及物动词”的句型 翻译下列句子。 1. 太阳在照耀着。 The sun was shining. 2. 我们勤奋学习。 2. We study hard. 3. 他们谈了半个小时。 3. They talked for half an hour.,4. 这支笔书写流利。 4. The pen writes smoothly. 5. 他们等了几个小时就是为了看见他们最喜爱的明星。 5. They waited several hours to see their favourite stars.,6. 他每年在外旅游好几个月。 6. He travels for several months every year. 7. 1919年, 北京爆发了“五四”运动。 7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8. 五年前我住在北京。 8. I lived in Beijing five years ago.,9. 他昨晚很晚回家。