高级英语第9课

1、1、The playfulness of the modern aesthetic is , finally, its most striking-and also its most serious and, by corollary, its most disturbing-feature. aesthetic n .(philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful美学 Striking n. having a quality that thrusts itself into attention显著的=impressing

2、 corollary n. a practical consequence that follows naturally结果;推论= conclusion disturbing adj. causing distress or worry or anxiety烦扰的；令人不安的,The playfulness of the modern aesthetic is the most striking and serious feature and, as a natural conclusion, it is also its most upsetting feature.现代美学的玩耍性说到底

3、是其最突出的，也是最严肃的，而必然地也是最令人不安的特征。,注意此句中破折号的用法。这一句使用了跳脱修辞手法：为了对两个破折号中的内容给予强调，并引起读者的注意，故意将一句话中断。 跳脱就是在某种特殊情境（如思想的急速变化，事件的突然出现等）的影响下，将说话人的话半途打断，使语言变得不完整、不连贯，却又比说完整、连贯的话更切合情境的一种修辞格。跳脱修辞格的基本要素是：在某种特殊的情况下，所说的话不完整、不连贯。,2、The playfulness imitates the playfulness of science that produces game theory and virtual

4、particles and black holes and that, by introducing human growth genes into cows, forces students of ethics to reexamine the definition of cannibalism. game theory n .(economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players virtual particle particles that serve a

5、ll practical purposes though they do not exist in reality.【物理学】虚拟粒子 black hole n. a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star; extremely high gravitational field. Even light cant escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous pull of gravitation. Therefore it can never be obser

6、ved directly. ethics n . the philosophical study of moral values and rules reexamine v. look at again; examine again再审查 cannibalism n. the practice of eating the flesh of your own kind食人,Science, in its playfulness, introduces human growth genes into cows and this forces students of ethics to redefi

7、ne cannibalism. Does the eating of such cows with their human genes constitute cannibalism? 这种玩耍性是模仿产生了博奕论、虚构粒子和黑洞的科学的荒诞性。这种科学的玩耍性还通过把人的生长基因植人牛体，迫使伦理学的研究者重新审定食人肉的习性的定义。,Game theory：Game theory is a field of study that bridges mathematics, statistics, economics, and psychology. The purpose of Game th

8、eory is to study the probability of wining a game given different strategies. 博弈论，是研究相互依赖，相互影响的决策主体的理性决策行为以及这些决策的均衡结果的理论。一些相互依赖，相互影响的决策行为及其结果的组合称为博弈。 组成要素：参与人、行动、信息、策略、得益、结果、均衡等。,Virtual particles 虚粒子是指在量子力学中，一种永远不能直接检测到的，但其存在确实具有可测量效应的粒子。 根据量子力学的不确定性原理，宇宙中的能量于短暂时间内在固定的总数值左右起伏，起伏越大则时间越短，从这种能量起伏产生的粒子

9、就是虚粒子。当能量恢复时虚粒子湮灭。虚粒子是构成虚物质的微粒，和实物粒子有非常密切的关系，分布在实物粒子的周围，与实物粒子具有类似的性质。虚粒子不是为了研究问题方便而人为地引入的概念，而是一种客观存在。,Black holes：According to the general theory of relativity, a black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape. It is the result of the deformation of spacetime caused

10、by a very compact mass. Around a black hole there is an undetectable surface which marks the point of no return, called an event horizon. It is called black because it absorbs all the light that hits it, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. Under the theory of quantu

11、m mechanics black holes possess a temperature and emit Hawking radiation.,黑洞。引力极强的地方，没有任何东西能从该处逃逸，甚至光线也不例外。黑洞可以从大量恒星的“死亡”中产生。当一颗大质量恒星耗尽其内部的核燃料抵达其演化、末态时，恒星就变得不稳定并发生引力坍缩。 黑洞是密度超大的星球，吸纳一切，光也逃不了。在学术上不同观点认为宇宙中不存在黑洞，这需要进一步的证明。黑洞不让任何其边界以内的任何事物被外界看见，这就是这种物体被称为“黑洞”的缘故。我们无法通过光的反射来观察它，只能通过受其影响的周围物体来间接了解黑洞。虽然这么

12、说，但黑洞还是有它的边界，既“事件视界”。据猜测，黑洞是死亡恒星的剩余物，是在特殊的大质量超巨星坍塌收缩时产生的。另外，黑洞必须是一颗质量大于钱德拉塞卡极限的恒星演化到末期而形成的，质量小于钱德拉塞卡极限的恒星是无法形成黑洞的（有关参考： 时间简史 霍金著）A brief history of timeby Steven Hawking.,（有关参考： 时间简史 霍金著A brief history of time by Steven Hawking. 时间简史这本书可以说是一部写给普通人看的物理学著作，用最简单的语言阐述最深奥的宇宙原理，同时，它也是一本当代青年不可不读的经典名著。 时间终结

13、黑洞,genetics n. the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms,克隆是英语单词clone的音译，clone源于希腊文klone，原意是指幼苗或嫩枝，以无性繁殖或营养繁殖的方式培育植物，如杆插和嫁接。如今，克隆是指生物体通过体细胞进行的无性繁殖，以及由无性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代个体组成的种群。克隆也可以理解为复制、拷贝，就是从原型中产生出同样的复制品，它的外表及遗传基因与原型完全相同。,伦理学 正文哲学的一个分支学科，即关于道德的科学。亦称道德学、道德哲学或道德科学。 在西方,“伦

14、理学”一词出于希腊文s，含有风俗、习惯、气质和性格等意义。荷马史诗中的s，原是一个表示驻地、驻所的名词。古希腊哲学家亚里士多德从气质、性格的意义上，首先使它成为一个形容词s，赋予其“伦理的”、“德行的”意义。后来，他又构造了一词，即伦理学。西方最早以伦理学命名的书为尼各马可伦理学。据说这本书是亚里士多德的儿子尼各马可根据亚里士多德的讲稿和谈话整理而成的。,同类相食该词通常针对食人而言，特指人类吃掉其他人类的行为；在动物学上则泛是指一种动物吃掉同物种的行为。 要注意的是，食人的动机有很多种，包括当地文化许可的族群食人，饥荒等非常情况下被迫的食人，或是精神异常者所为的食人等等，需要详细分辨。,Th

15、e importance of play in the modern aesthetic should not come as a surprise.玩耍在现代美学中的重要性不应引起惊讶。 Play n. activity by children that is guided more by imagination than by fixed rules游戏，玩耍，消遣(尤指儿童的自发活动),It is announced in every city in the developed world by the fantastic and playful buildings of postmod

16、ernism and neo-modernism and by the fantastic juxtapositions of architectural styles that typify collage city and urban adhocism. announced declared publicly; made widely known developed (used of societies) having high industrial development 发达的 fantastic adj. extravagantly fanciful in design, const

17、ruction, appearance 奇异的=absurd modernism n . genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres现代主义 postmodernism n . genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism juxtaposition n.1. the a

18、ct of positioning close together (or side by side)2. a side-by-side position并置;并列 typify v . embody the essential characteristics of or be a typical example of作为典型;代表 collage n . a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image拼贴画 Adhocism： 局部独立主义,This pl

19、ayfulness of the modern aesthetic is fully displayed in every city in the developed world by the playful and fantastic (荒谬的、荒诞的) buildings of postmodernism (后现代主义) and neo-modernism (新现代主义). In these cities one will also find side by side fantastic holdings representing the styles of collage(抽象拼贴画)

20、city and urban adhocism（局部独立主义）. 它在发达世界的每座城市里都通过后现代主义和新现代主义的奇形怪状和荒诞的建筑物，通过把各种建筑风格奇特地拼凑在一起得到反映，而这恰恰是拼贴画式的城市和无计划的大杂烩城市的典型表现。,局部独立主义是指一种设计方法，特别与后现代主义有关。1968年詹克斯于建筑评论上创用这个词，来描述一种“设计物的局部单独抽离设计完成后，再与设计物其它部分结合”的设计过程或方法。所以这一局部不必创造一个“新形”，相反的（替代的）是从既有的式样中窃取局部，然后再组合成新的形体便可。这表示对“（既有）物体”可以另有新用或另有新意，同时强调设计过程是一种“选择”更胜于是一种元素的组成。,postmodernism (后现代主义),Postmodernism is a tendency in contemporary culture c