托福简化句子题ppt课件

1、简化句子题,Simplification,lillian 苑,1,1.找出主干：当我们完成对于长难句的句类判断时，我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。对于简单句来说，我们要找出这个句子的主干，也就是主谓宾语。 2.句内逻辑：而对于复杂句来说，我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。,lillian 苑,2,A,If the pores are large, the water in them will exist a

2、s drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. A. Surface tension is not strong enough

3、to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surf

4、ace tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.,lillian 苑,3,A选项存在转折逻辑词but，且讲到当孔大的时

5、候水会变成水滴，but孔小的时候就变成薄膜。主干、逻辑齐全，故正确。 B选项错在有主干，但缺少转折逻辑词。 C 选项也有主干，但是逻辑关系写成了并列and，但实际上应该是转折关系。 D选项说当孔大的时候变成薄膜，这和原句的主干意思完全相反。原句中说水在孔大的时候应该变成水滴。,lillian 苑,4,For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as p

6、arts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than their religious usefulness. A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities. The artistic qualit

7、y of a myth was sometimes an essential reasonty to abandon it from the oral tradition. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being. Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualit

8、ies even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.,lillian 苑,5,d,For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rit

9、es and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than their religious usefulness. A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.-主干就错误 The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason to abandon it from

10、the oral tradition. 丢弃是不对的 Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being. 没有体现主干需要的保留：retain”主要意思 Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer d

11、eemed religiously beneficial. perfect 主干一定要成立，they retained as parts of their oral traditionand admired them for their artistic qualities逻辑关系也要成立,lillian 苑,6,c,Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitud

12、es. A. becauce of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes. B. as altitudes increases, the velocity of winds increases, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes. C. the defo

13、rmed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause hardship for trees. D. increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.,lillian 苑,7,As用法,1. as单独引导定语从句，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：(

14、1) She is late, as is often the case. 2.as作介词，意思是作为，以身份。例如： He came to China as a tourist five years ago. 。 3.as作副词的用法：相同地，同样地。例如： They don”t have as many airplanes. 4. as作关系代词的用法 1. as引导定语从句与其他词连用 用于the same.as结构中This is the same book as I read last week. 用于such.as结构I don”t like such books as he re

15、commends. 用于so +adj. + a/an + n. (单数) + as 结构中 I am not so strong a man as I was. 5.引导时间状语，相当于when： You will grow wiser as you grow older,lillian 苑,8,C,Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. A. b

16、ecauce of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes. 意思相反 B. as altitudes increases, the velocity of winds increases, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.跟树的数量无关 C. the

17、deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause hardship for trees. D. increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.-逻辑关系不对 原句的逻辑关系决定于“as”，在这里面很明显是代指前面整句话的。,lillian 苑,9,C

18、,The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. A. even though A swam bu moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. B. the backbone of A, which allowed it to swi

19、m, provides evidence of its missing fluke. C. although A had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. D. by moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern swim in a different way from the way A swam.,lillian 苑,10,找主干，逻辑关系,The structure of the backbone shows,

20、 however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. A. even though A swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.主句错误 B. the backbone of A, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missi

21、ng fluke.逻辑关系不成立 C. although A had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. D. by moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way A swam.主体对象错误 主干： Ambulocetus swam 。by moving the rear portion of its body up and dow

22、n，逻辑关系是转折关系“even though”,lillian 苑,11,A,The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. A. desertification is a significant problem because it

23、is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. the spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only

24、if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.,lillian 苑,12,A,The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous nu

25、mbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. A. desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.主干正确 B. slowing down the process of desertification is dif

26、ficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.主干错误，而且因素的并列关系不成立 C. the spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.因素缺乏，片面性 D. desertification is extremely har

27、d to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.片面性和主干错误 主干是desertification的严重性起因于（因为）vast land,large people,seldom reversing or slowing（几个并列原因）,lillian 苑,13,C,He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would p

28、urchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors

29、 with new machines. C. Edison did not want to develpo projection technology becase it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.,lillian 苑,14,C,He refused to develop projection

30、 technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. 主干错误 B. Edison refused to work on

31、projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with new machines. 原因从句意思错误 C. Edison did not want to develpo projection technology becase it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agr

32、eed to purchase more than one projector from him.逻辑关系不成立,lillian 苑,15,D,Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place and supports more kinds

33、of organisms than an environment that is uniform. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities b

34、ecause they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.,lillian 苑,16,Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not

35、from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place and supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness. Patchy envi

36、ronments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide

37、 variety of organisms.,lillian 苑,17,A,Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

38、 Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the regions climate keeps the rates of water addition very small. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron. Because of the regio

39、ns present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.,lillian 苑,18,Aquifer地下蓄水层,Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron

40、, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the regions climate keeps the rates of water additio

41、n very small. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron. 主干不成立 Because of the regions present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer. 主干不成 Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.主干不成立,lillian 苑,19,B,In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwes