2010汉译英练习

1、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese,血小板，也称为凝血细胞，实际上是细胞碎片，而不是完整细胞。血小板在骨髓中形成，由巨大多核的巨噬细胞演变而来。血小板的主要功能是在血管损伤部位促进血凝块形成，防止血液丢失。血小板和受损组织释放的物质与血浆凝血因子相互作用，形成使伤口闭合的血凝块。当损伤出现时，血液凝血因子被激活。13种不同凝血因子相互作用才会有血凝现象出现，这就防止了不必要血凝出现。最后一种反应是纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白，将血细胞和血浆拉在一起，形成血凝块。 基因通过控制酶的合成来行使其功能。酶由蛋白质组成，通常在化学反应中起催化剂作

2、用。细胞活动是通过数百种化学反应来控制的。组织、器官和系统中的所有细胞共同协调活动，最终使动物具有一定的外貌或特定的行为方式。这种外貌或行为方式称为动物的表型。,血小板，也称为凝血细胞，实际上是细胞碎片，而不是完整细胞。,The blood platelets, also called thrombocytes, are actually cell fragments rather than complete cells.,血小板在骨髓中形成，由巨大多核的巨噬细胞演变而来。,The main function of platelets is to initiate blood clotting

3、 at sites of vascular injury, preventing blood loss.,血小板的主要功能是在血管损伤部位促进血凝块形成，防止血液丢失。,Platelets are formed in the bone marrow from giant multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes.,血小板和受损组织释放的物质与血浆凝血因子相互作用，形成使伤口闭合的血凝块。,Clotting factors are in an inactive form in the blood until an injury occurs.,当损伤出

4、现时，血液凝血因子被激活。,Substances released from the platelets and from the damaged tissue then interact with clotting factors in the plasma to produce a wound-sealing clot.,13种不同凝血因子相互作用才会有血凝现象出现，这就防止了不必要血凝出现。,The final reaction is the conversion of fibrinogen to threads of fibrin that trap blood cells and p

5、lasma to produce the clot.,最后一种反应是纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白，将血细胞和血浆拉在一起，形成血凝块。,To protect against unwanted clot formation, 13 different factors must interact before blood coagulates (clots).,基因通过控制酶的合成来行使其功能。,The activities of a cell are controlled by many hundreds of chemical reactions.,细胞活动是通过数百种化学反应来控制的。,Enzy

6、mes are made of protein and usually function as catalysts in chemical reactions.,酶由蛋白质组成，通常在化学反应中起催化剂作用。,Genes carry out their functions by controlling the synthesis of substances called enzymes.,组织、器官和系统中的所有细胞共同协调活动，最终使动物具有一定的外貌或特定的行为方式。,This appearance or manner of behavior is called the animals p

7、henotype.,这种外貌或行为方式称为动物的表型。,The activities of all cells working together in tissues, organs, and systems ultimately cause the animal to have a certain appearance or to behave in a certain manner.,lymphocytosis hematuria hepatopexy neuralgia cholecystectomy gastrorrhagia enteroenterostomy bronchoscop

8、e cystitis myoreceptor,arthrotome thermoplegia leucopenia pathology bacteremia osteomalacia angiectasis thoracoplasty cardiogram herniorrhaphy,词 汇 测 验,cardiospasm thyroidotomy atriomegaly fibroma abdominocentesis somatoscopy endocrinology aminotransferase immunodeficiency extracellular,arteriosclero

9、sis encephaloma pneumonitis fibroblast nephroptosis erythrocytolysis polypeptide glycolysis phagolysosome trophocyte,lymphocytosis 医淋巴球增多 hematuria 血尿 hepatopexy 肝固定术 neuralgia 神经痛 cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术 gastrorrhagia 胃出血 enteroenterostomy 肠-肠吻合术 bronchoscope 支气管镜 cystitis 膀胱炎 myoreceptor 肌感受器 arthro

10、tome 关节刀 thermoplegia 热射病，中暑 leucopenia 白细胞减少（症） pathology 病理学 bacteremia 菌血症,osteomalacia 骨软化 angiectasis 血管扩张 thoracoplasty 胸廓成形术 cardiogram 心电图 herniorrhaphy 疝缝术，疝修补术 cardiospasm 贲门痉挛 thyroidotomy 甲状腺切开 atriomegaly 心房肥大 fibroma 纤维瘤 abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺术 somatoscopy 体格检查，健康检查 endocrinology 内分泌学 a

11、minotransferase 转氨酶 immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷 extracellular 细胞外的,arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 encephaloma 脑瘤 pneumonitis 肺炎 fibroblast 成纤维细胞 nephroptosis 肾下垂 erythrocytolysis 红细胞溶解, 溶血 polypeptide 多肽 glycolysis 醣酵解 phagolysosome 吞噬溶酶体 trophocyte 营养细胞, 滋养细胞,与表皮不同，真皮是由血液、淋巴管和神经纤维以及皮肤的附属器官如毛囊、汗腺和皮脂腺所组成的活组织。为支持神经、

12、脉管和腺体形成精密的体系，真皮还包含有结缔组织细胞和纤维。 真皮中存在数种结缔组织细胞，如成纤维细胞、组织细胞（巨噬细胞）和肥大细胞。成纤维细胞是生成纤维的细胞，该细胞在损伤修复中起作用；组织细胞是通过吞入外源物质保护机体的巨噬细胞；肥大细胞是包含有大量组胺（痒过敏性反应所释放的一种物质）和肝素（一种抗凝剂）的特化细胞。 真皮的纤维主要由胶原构成。胶原是存在于骨、软骨、韧带以及皮肤中的一种纤维蛋白性物质。它具有一定的硬度和抗性，同时具有柔韧性。胶原纤维支持和保护穿过真皮的血管和神经网络。胶原疾病可影响机体的结缔组织，真皮结缔组织胶原异常的例子之一硬皮病。,与表皮不同，真皮是由血液、淋巴管和神经

13、纤维以及皮肤的附属器官如毛囊、汗腺和皮脂腺所组成的活组织。,In contrast to the epidermis, the corium is living tissue composed of blood, lymph vessels and nerve fibers, as well as the accessory organs of the skin, which are the hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.,为支持神经、脉管和腺体形成精密的体系，真皮包含有结缔组织细胞和纤维。,To support the

14、elaborate system of nerves, vessels, and glands, the corium contains connective tissue cells and fibers.,真皮中存在数种结缔组织细胞，如成纤维细胞、组织细胞（巨噬细胞）和肥大细胞。,Histiocytes are phagocytic cells that protect the body，by engulfing foreign materials.,Fibroblasts are fiber-producing cells that are active in repair of inj

15、ury.,成纤维细胞是生成纤维的细胞，该细胞在损伤修复中起作用。,There are several types of connective tissue cells in the corium: fibroblasts，histiocytes （macrophages） and mast cells.,组织细胞是通过吞入外源物质保护机体的巨噬细胞。,肥大细胞是包含有大量组胺（痒过敏性反应所释放的一种物质）和肝素（一种抗凝剂）的特化细胞。,Collagen is a fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, and ligaments

16、, as well as in the skin.,The fibers in the dermis are mainly composed of collagen.,真皮的纤维主要由胶原构成。,Mass cells are specialized cells that contain quantities of histamine （a substance released in allergies that produces itching） and heparin （an anticoagulant substance）.,胶原是存在于骨、软骨、韧带以及皮肤中的一种纤维蛋白性物质。,它具

17、有一定的硬度和抗性，同时具有柔韧性。,Collagen diseases affect connective tissues of the body. Example of these connective tissue collagen disorders is scleroderma.,Collagen fibers support and protect the blood and nerve networks that pass through the corium.,It is tough and resistant but also flexible.,胶原纤维支持和保护穿过真皮的

18、血管和神经网络。,胶原疾病可影响机体的结缔组织，真皮结缔组织胶原异常的例子之一硬皮病。,恐惧是最轻度兴奋，动物表现警觉，四处张望但运动正常。这种行为说明，动物出现持续性的中度疼痛或有其他异常感觉，如分娩早期生产瘫痪或近期失明时。更为严重的兴奋症状是动物不安、盲目运动、起卧不定，还可能出现其它异常运动，如观腹、踢腹、翻转与吼叫。这些行为通常预示着疼痛。 体温若出现明显的变化将预示着病理过程：（1）过热是简单的体温升高，超过临界温度，如中暑；（2）发烧或发热是体温升高并伴有毒血症，如多数传染性疾病；（3）低温是低于正常体温，出现在休克、循环衰绝、甲状腺功能低下和多数濒死前的疾病。,弓腰和四肢曲于腹

19、下常常预示着轻度腹痛；若腰向下弯、腿呈“木马”样，这就是严重腹痛的特点，发病时出现痉挛；马呈犬坐样并伴有打滚和踢腹通常与腹痛和隔膜受压迫有关，如病畜食入谷物后出现的急性胃扩张。肘外展常常说明胸痛或呼吸困难。尾僵直并高举，耳和四肢僵直预示着动物发生破伤风。 当尿道部分堵塞时，动物出现排尿困难，若膀胱或尿道发生炎症，会出现疼痛。病畜患膀胱炎和尿道炎时出现尿频和尿少，并且病畜经常在排尿停止后做排尿姿势。尿失禁即频繁滴尿，常常是由于尿道部分堵塞或尿道括约肌麻痹所致。,恐惧是最轻度兴奋，动物表现警觉，四处张望但运动正常。这种行为说明，动物出现持续性的中度疼痛或有其他异常感觉，如分娩早期生产瘫痪或近期失明

20、时。,A state of anxiety or apprehension is the mildest form of excitation: here the animal is alert and looks about constantly but is normal in its movements. Such behavior is usually expressive of moderate constant pain or other abnormal sensation, as in early parturient paresis or in recent blindnes

21、s.,更为严重的兴奋症状是动物不安、盲目运动、起卧不定，还可能出现其它异常运动，如观腹、踢腹、翻转与吼叫。这些行为通常预示着疼痛。,A more severe manifestation of excitation is that of restlessness in which the animal moves about a good deal, lies down and gets up and may go through other abnormal movements such as looking at its flanks, kicking at its belly and r

22、olling and bellowing. Again, this demeanor is usually indicative of pain.,体温若出现明显的变化将预示着病理过程：（1）过热是简单的体温升高，超过临界温度，如中暑；,Marked the temperature variations are an indication of a pathological process: (1) hyperthermia is simple elevation of the temperature past the critical point, as in heat stroke.,（2

23、）发烧或发热是体温升高并伴有毒血症，如多数传染性疾病；,(2) fever or pyrexia is the state where hyperthermia is combined with toxemia, as in most infectious disease.,（3）低温是低于正常体温，出现在休克、循环衰绝、甲状腺功能低下和多数濒死前的疾病。,(3) hypothermia, a subnormal body temperature, occurs in shock, circulatory collapse, hypothyroidism and just before dea

24、th in most diseases.,弓腰和四肢曲于腹下常常预示着轻度腹痛；若腰向下弯、腿呈“木马”样，这就是严重腹痛的特点，发病时出现痉挛；,Arching of the back with the limbs tucked under the body usually indicates mild abdominal pain; downward arching of the back and saw horse straddling of the legs is characteristics of severe abdominal pain, usually spasmodic i

25、n occurrence;,马呈犬坐样并伴有打滚和踢腹通常与腹痛和隔膜受压迫有关，如病畜食入谷物后出现的急性胃扩张。,a dog-sitting posture in the horse associated with rolling and kicking at the belly is usually associated with abdominal pain and pressure on the diaphragm, such as occurs in acute gastric dilatation after engorgement on grain.,肘外展常常说明胸痛或呼吸困

26、难。,Abduction of the elbows is usually synonymous with chest pain or difficulty in breathing.,尾僵直并高举，耳和四肢僵直预示着动物发生破伤风。,Elevation and rigidity of the tail, and rigidity of the ears and limbs, are good indications of tetanus in animals.,当尿道部分堵塞时，动物出现排尿困难，若膀胱或尿道发生炎症，会出现疼痛。,Urination may be difficult whe

27、n there is partial obstruction of the urinary tract, and painful when there is inflammation of the bladder or urethra.,病畜患膀胱炎和尿道炎时出现尿频和尿少，并且病畜经常在排尿停止后做排尿姿势。,In cystitis and urethritis, there is increased frequency with the passage of small amounts of fluid and the animal remains in the urination pos

28、ture for some time after the flow ceases.,尿失禁即频繁滴尿，常常是由于尿道部分堵塞或尿道括约肌麻痹所致。,Incontinence, with constant dribbling of urine, is usually due to partial obstruction of the urethra or paralysis of its sphincter.,口蹄疫的临床症状,口蹄疫的特征为发热以及蹄、口腔内和周围、乳腺出现水疱。水疱通常快速破裂形成溃烂。损伤部位的疼痛和不适导致动物表现多种症状如沉郁、厌食、大量流涎、跛行和不愿意走动或起立。虽

29、然口蹄疫病毒不能经胎盘传播，但是孕畜仍有可能发生流产。虽然继发感染可能导致较长的恢复期，但是大多数成年动物在两到三周内可以康复。口蹄疫可能的并发症包括产奶量暂时或持续的下降、慢性跛行或乳腺炎、体重减轻和体况下降。死亡通常仅发生在幼畜，主要是由于多病灶的心肌炎而引起，病畜往往不会出现水疱。,临床型酸中毒,临床型酸中毒表现为轻微还是严重的疾病依赖于动物采食饲料的类型与数量。患有轻微临床型酸中毒的牛表现为厌食、产奶量下降和腹泻。严重临床型酸中毒可能发展为代谢性酸中毒、精神沉郁、脱水、毒血症和奶牛卧倒不起综合征。极急性的酸中毒可能导致病牛斜卧、昏迷和8-10小时内发生死亡。急性酸中毒的临床症状在8小时

30、内逐渐显现，继而发作代谢性临床酸中毒，并在36小时表现最为明显。临床型酸中毒通常影响牛群中一头或更多的牛，并且经常是由于突然的食物改变而使动物突发此病。反刍动物急性酸中毒的结局包括钙吸收障碍导致的低钙血症、组胺和内毒素被释放入血液循环引起的蹄叶炎、诱导性硫胺素缺乏引起的脑灰质软化、瘤胃炎和肝脓肿。,口蹄疫的临床症状,Pain and discomfort from the lesions leads to a variety of symptoms including depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, lameness and reluct

31、ance to move or rise.,Clinical signs of animal with foot-and-mouth disease,口蹄疫的特征为发热以及蹄、口腔内和周围、乳腺出现水疱。水疱通常快速破裂形成溃烂。,Foot-and-mouth disease is characterized by fever and vesicles on the feet, in and around the mouth, and on the mammary gland. Vesicles often rupture rapidly, becoming erosions.,损伤部位的疼痛

32、和不适导致动物表现多种症状如沉郁、厌食、大量流涎、跛行和不愿意走动或起立。,虽然口蹄疫病毒不能经胎盘传播，但是孕畜仍有可能发生流产。,Although FMDV does not cross the placenta, abortion may occur in pregnant animals.,虽然继发感染可能导致较长的恢复期，但是大多数成年动物在两到三周内可以康复。,Most adults recover in two to three weeks, although secondary infections may lead to a longer recovery time.,Dea

33、ths usually occur only in young animals, as the result of multifocal （多病灶的）myocarditis; vesicles are not always found.,Possible complications include temporary or permanent decreases in milk production, chronic lameness or mastitis, weight loss and loss of condition.,口蹄疫可能的并发症包括产奶量暂时或持续的下降、慢性跛行或乳腺炎、

34、体重减轻和体况下降。,死亡通常仅发生在幼畜，主要是由于多病灶的心肌炎而引起，病畜往往不会出现水疱。,临床型酸中毒 Clinical acidosis,Cattle with mild clinical acidosis exhibit anorexia, decreased milk production and scouring.,临床型酸中毒表现为轻微还是严重的疾病依赖于动物采食饲料的类型与数量。,Clinical acidosis presents as a mild or severe form of the disease, depending on the type and amo

35、unt of feed ingested.,患有轻微临床型酸中毒的牛表现为厌食、产奶量下降和腹泻。,急性酸中毒的临床症状在8小时内逐渐显现，继而发作代谢性临床酸中毒，并在36小时表现最为明显。,严重临床型酸中毒可能发展为代谢性酸中毒、精神沉郁、脱水、毒血症和奶牛卧倒不起综合征。,The severe form of the disease may progress to include metabolic acidosis, depression, dehydration, toxaemia and downer cow syndrome.,极急性的酸中毒可能导致病牛斜卧、昏迷和8-10小时内

36、发生死亡。,Peracute acidosis may result in recumbency, coma and death in 8 to 10 hours.,Clinical signs in the acute form develop within eight hours and precedes the onset of metabolic clinical acidosis that peaks in 36 hours.,Sequel to acute ruminant acidosis include hypocalcaemia resulting from calcium

37、malabsorption, laminitis from the release of histamine and endotoxins into the circulation, polioencephalomalacia（脑灰质软化）from an induced thiamine deficiency, ruminitis and liver abscess.,临床型酸中毒通常影响牛群中一头或更多的牛，并且经常是由于突然的食物改变而使动物突发此病。,Clinical acidosis generally affects one or more cattle in a herd and is often precipitated by sudden dietary changes.,反刍动物急性酸中毒的结局包括钙吸收障碍导致的低钙血症、组胺和内毒素被释放入血液循环引起的蹄叶炎、诱导性硫胺素缺乏引起的脑灰质软化、瘤胃炎和肝脓肿。,鼻咽癌20例报告及其家系调查 梯方检验在新药疗效中的应用性研究 小肠平滑肌肿瘤术前诊断的探讨 原发性小肠平滑肌肉瘤 胆管癌胞核DNA定量与临床生物学行为的关