（课标专用）天津市2020高考英语二轮复习专题四介词与介词短语课件.pptx

1、专题四介词与介词短语,-2-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,常见介词的基本用法 考查方向1 表示时间的介词(短语) 1.in 用于表示世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及非特指的早上、中午、晚上前;用于时间段前表示“再过时间”。 如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in his thirties,in the morning Well graduate from high school in two months. 2.on 用于日期、星期或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上。 如:on July 2nd,on Monday,on a rainy morn

2、ing,on the afternoon of August 1st,-3-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,3.at 表示钟点、周末、某一短暂的时刻、节日期间或用于黎明、中午、黄昏等。 如:at eight oclock,at this time of the year,at that moment,at dawn,at dust 4.over 后接时间短语表示“在期间”或“一边,一边”。 如:Lets talk about it over supper. 5.before “在之前”后接时间点,可表示现在、过去或者将来。 如:He always goes to bed before 10 o

3、clock. He said he would not leave for Shanghai before the next Friday.,-4-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,6.after 后接时间段时表示“再过时间”(相当于in+时间段);后接时间点时表示“过了时刻之后”。 如:It began to rain after seven last night. 7.from表示“从开始”,后接时间点。 如:I decide to do morning exercises from today. 8.since表示“自从以来”,后接时间点,与完成时连用。 如:We have lived i

4、n this town since 1995. He said he had been teaching in this school since graduating from college. 9.for 后接时间段,常与完成时连用。 如:They have worked non-stop for nearly two hours.,-5-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,10.beyond 表示“超过”某一时间。 如:You are forbidden to see a patient beyond visiting hours. 11.by表示“到为止”,常与完成时连用。 如:By th

5、e end of last month more than 2,000 people had visited the newly-opened museum. 12.during表示“在期间”。 如:I made many friends during my stay in London. 13.表示时间的几个重要介词短语:over time(随着时间的推移),in/during/for/over the last/past+时间短语(跟完成时连用),in advance(提前),against time(争分夺秒),in no time,for the time being(暂时)。 如:G

6、reat changes have taken place over the past few weeks.,-6-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题1 he was 12,Einstein had learned advanced mathematics by himself. A.The first timeB.At the time C.By the timeD.During the time 思路点拨从句子后半部分的时态had learned判断,前半句应该表示“到过去的某一时间为止”,故选by the time。句意:到他12岁的时候,爱因斯坦就已经自学了高等数学。 答案:C,

7、-7-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题2 They had a pleasant chat a cup of tea. A.forB.with C.duringD.over 思路点拨根据句意逻辑判断,后面应该需要时间状语。for后面接时间段,with表示“伴随”,皆不符合题目要求。over和during都有“在期间”的意思。但over侧重指“一边,一边”,符合题意。故选D项。句意:他们边喝茶边进行了愉快的聊天。 答案:D,-8-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向2 表示地点和方位的介词 1.at与in表示“在某地”时,at指小地方,in指大地方。 如:He arrived in

8、Beijing at eight last night. How about meeting at the railway station? 2.in,on和to表示相邻关系时,in指某地点在另一地点的内部;on指两地毗邻;to 指两地不紧邻。 如:Fujian Province is in the east of China,to the west of Taiwan. 3.off意为“离开”“在之外”。 如:There are many islands off the eastern coast of Zhejiang Province.,-9-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,4.abov

9、e,over,on都表示“在上面”,但above和over 分别指在某物的“斜上方”和“正上方”,但两物体不接触,on指“在的表面上”,两物体接触。over 还有“超过”“多于”之意。 如:In the middle of the room is a desk,on which lies several books and there is an electric fan above it. A new bridge has been built over the river. 5.below,under和beneath表示“在下面”,但below指“在某物的斜下方”,两物体不接触;under

10、指“在某物的正下方”,两物体不接触;beneath指“在某物的正下方”,两物体接触。 如:My hometown is a small village below a hill. The cat sat under the dinner table,enjoying its lunch. The policemen found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves.,-10-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,6.beside和by都表示“在旁边”。 如:He is sitting beside the mayor. 7.across表示“在的另一边”。

11、 如:There stands a five-storey building across the street. 8.against表示“倚(靠)着;映衬着;对抗;逆着”等含义。 如:The old man stood against the tree to have a rest. The curtain looks especially beautiful against the white wall. They are working against time just to complete the task on time. It is difficult and tiring t

12、o ride against a strong wind.,-11-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,9.between和 among都有“在之间”的意思,但between 表示“在两者之间”,而among表示“在三者或三者以上的人或物之间”。需要注意的是,有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或物,但强调他们中的两两关系时要用between。 如:You are to sit between your father and me. He is always happy among his classmates.,-12-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题1 (2018北京朝阳区一模)Your red

13、 coat looks so good.It stands out clearly the snow. A.acrossB.against C.throughD.over 思路点拨across “在的另一边”;against“在的映衬下”;through“从中间穿过”;over“在的上方”。题干中提到了red coat 与(white)snow,这两种对比鲜明的颜色应该互为衬托,故选B项。句意:你的红色外套看上去非常好。它在雪的映衬下显得格外醒目。 答案:B,-13-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题2 (2017天津卷)When you drive through the Redwoo

14、d Forests in California,you will be trees that are over 1,000 years old. A.amongB.against C.behindD.below 思路点拨among“在之间”,against“靠着”,behind “在后面”,below “在下面”。根据句子逻辑关系,驱车经过森林必定要在很多树中穿梭,故选among。句意:当你驱车驶入加利福尼亚红杉林的时候,你会置身于树龄超过一千年的树木之中。 答案:A,-14-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向3 表示运动方向的介词 1.from和to两者方向相对,from 意为“来自”

15、,to意为“去往”。 如:Look to the left,and you will see many cars from or to the center of the city. 2.across,over和through三者都有“通过”之意,但across意为“从一边到另一边”,强调“横跨”并且从表面经过;over从物体上方“跨越”;through则指从中间“穿过”,也可以表示时间,指“从开头到结束”。 如:He jumped over the fence quickly and ran away. They walked through the forest in search of

16、the lost child. The river runs across Yunnan Province from west to east.,-15-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,3.into和onto两者既表方向也表动作。into 意为“到里面去”,onto意为“到上面去”。 如:The boy walked into the yard and climbed onto a tall tree. 4.past表示“经过”。 Every time I walk past this school,I will recall my happy childhood.,-16-,突破点一,突破点

17、二,突破点三,经典例题 Does this T-shirt fit you well? Not so perfect,but a little tight the shoulders. A.atB.on C.toD.across 思路点拨at 指“在某一点上”;on 指“在表面上”;to 表示方向,意为“去往”;across 指“从一边到另一边”,强调“横跨”。该句指“两肩有点紧”,即“从一肩到另一肩”的跨度有点小。所以D项符合题意。 答案:D,-17-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向4 表示原因的介词(短语) 1.for表示原因时常与famous,well-known,sorry,t

18、hankful,grateful 等形容词或punish,blame,scold,praise,thank 等动词连用。 如:Im sorry for what I said to you just now. 2.at常与surprised,shocked,excited,frightened,glad,pleased等形容词连用,表示引起某种情绪的原因,意为“因为听到或看到而”。 如:We were all surprised at the unexpected news. 3.with指生理上或情感上由于外界而影响到内心的原因。 如:Hearing the news,he jumped w

19、ith joy. 4.by表示外部的,尤其指无意中造成某种结果。 如:She took my umbrella by mistake.,-18-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,5.over一般与cry,weep,laugh等带有感情色彩的动词连用,表示所发生的事情的原因。 如:It is no use crying over the spilled milk. 6.(die) of指由于自身或内在的原因,如饥饿、寒冷、疾病、痛苦等(而死亡);(die)from指由于自然、间接或外在的原因,如车祸、受伤、自然灾害等(而死亡)。 如:The old man died of a heart atta

20、ck last night. 7.because of表示引起某种结果的直接原因。 如:He retired last month because of his poor health. 8.thanks to意为“多亏;幸亏”;表示引起某种幸运结果的原因。 如:Thanks to your timely help,we finished the task in time. 9.due to,owing to,as a result of,as a consequence of,on the basis of等短语跟because of 意义相同。,-19-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典

21、例题 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced joy. A.toB.with C.atD.of 思路点拨分析句子前后逻辑关系可知,joy是we sang and danced的原因,而with 表示由于外界而影响内心的原因,故选B项。句意:当我们听到北京篮球队赢得决赛的消息时,我们高兴得又唱又跳。 答案:B,-20-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向5 表示计量的介词 1.at表示“以速度;以价格”。 如:I sold my car at a high

22、 price. It flies at a speed of 900 kilometers an hour. 2.for表示“以交换;以为代价、报酬或惩罚”。 如:He offered me his old car for 500 dollars. The young man got a medal for his brave behaviour. 3.by表示“以计”。 如:In big cities cleaning women are usually paid by the hour.,-21-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向6 表示工具或手段的介词 1.by表示“用某种方式”,

23、后面常接名词或动词-ing形式,名词前一般不带冠词或物主代词等限定词。 如:You can only become successful by working hard. 2.with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词前需带冠词、物主代词等限定词。 如:He broke the window with a stone to enter the room.,-22-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,3.in表示“用某种语言、颜色、铅笔、墨水等”,后面的名词前不带冠词、物主代词等限定词。 如:He can express himself in English freely and frequently.

24、 I hate letters written in pencil. 4.on表示“用方式”时,后面多接表示通讯传媒的名词。 如:It is a good way to learn English on the radio/on TV. They have been talking on the phone for more than two hours.,-23-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题 (2018天津高考压轴卷)Star skater Wu Dajing won Chinas first gold medal at the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic

25、Winter Games breaking the world record in short track mens 500m. A.toB.by C.withD.in 思路点拨分析句子空白处前后的逻辑关系可知,breaking the world record是Wu Dajing won Chinas first gold medal的原因,故选B项。句意:明星滑冰选手武大靖在2018年平昌冬奥会上赢得了中国第一枚金牌,打破了男子500米短道速滑记录。 答案:B,-24-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向7 表示“除了”的介词 1.besides表示“除了之外,还有”,常有also,t

26、oo,other等词暗示。 如:We all also went to see the movie besides you.(包括你) 2.except表示“除外,把除去”,其后可接名词、代词、动词-ing形式或从句。 如:We all went to see the movie except you.(不包括你) I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing. 3.except for表示“除了”,往往是肯定整体,个别指出理由或细节。except for 常用于句首代替except。 如:Except for an old l

27、ady there is nobody on the bus.,-25-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,4.but与except 同义,但多用于不定代词no one,nobody,nothing,everything,all 或副词nowhere,anywhere以及疑问代词who的后面。 如:I never see him reading anything but the newspaper. 5.apart from在不同的上下文中既有besides的意思,又有except 或except for的意思,要根据上下文来判断。 如:Apart from/Besides English,he

28、also has a good command of Russian and French. It is a good newspaper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes. He has no interests,apart from/except his work.,-26-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,6.other than表示“除之外”时,相当于except,但多用于否定句。 如:Were going away in June but other than that Ill be here all summer. 7.but

29、/other than可用于下列句型中,表示“除了以外,别无选择;别无选择,只好”。 如:I have no choice but/other than to give up my plan. I have nothing to do but/other than give up my plan.,-27-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题1 The disaster-stricken village was inaccessible by helicopter,and the storm added to the rescuers difficulty. A.instead ofB.o

30、ther than C.rather thanD.regardless of 思路点拨根据空白处前面的inaccessible判断,这个受灾村庄只有直升机可以到达,故选other than,表示“除了”之意。instead of“而不是,代替”,rather than“而不是”,regardless of “不管,不顾”。故选B项。句意:这个受灾的村子只有直升机能到达,而且暴风雨又增加了救援人员的困难。 答案:B,-28-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题2 People keep to themselves in my neighborhood.We dont drop by unan

31、nounced, one night a year,December 30. A.instead ofB.more than C.as toD.except for 思路点拨根据前面的keep to themselves和dont drop by unannounced判断,这个社区的人们整体上处于不相往来的状态,因此只有one night a year,December 30才拜访一次,所以该选except for表示肯定整体,个别指出细节。instead of“而不是,代替”;more than“超过,非常”;as to“关于,至于”。D项正确。句意:在我居住的社区,人们很少往来。我们不会

32、在没有打招呼的情况下拜访,但有一天晚上除外,那就是每年的12月30日。 答案:D,-29-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,考查方向8 表示让步关系的介词 1.despite/in spite of意为“虽然,尽管”,后接名词、代词、动词-ing形式或what引导的宾语从句。 如:We managed to get to the conference hall on time despite/in spite of the heavy rain. Despite/In spite of the fact that he is a young man,he has become an expert

33、 in this area. 2.regardless of意为“无论,不管”,表示忽略后面提到的内容。 如:The club is open to all the people regardless of ages and sexes.,-30-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题 (2018天津部分区高三质量调查二)Harvard University takes in any outstanding student color or background. A.in honour ofB.on account of C.regardless ofD.in spite of 思路点拨根

34、据句子前半部分的takes in any outstanding student判断,哈佛大学在录取杰出学生时是不考虑肤色和背景的,故选regardless of“不管”,C项正确。in honour of“为了纪念”,on account of“因为,由于”;in spite of“尽管,虽然”。句意:哈佛大学招收任何优秀的学生,不管肤色或背景。 答案:C,-31-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,几个值得注意的介词考点 考查方向 1.表示所属关系一般使用介词of,但在下列名词后需用介词to表示所属关系,意为“的”:access,answer,approach,entrance,explana

35、tion,key,note,solution等。 如:They are living in a house,two windows of which face north. We havent found a practical solution to the problem.,-32-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,2.to既可用作动词不定式符号,后接动词原形,也可用作介词,后接名词、代词、动词-ing形式或宾语从句。在下列固定短语中的to为介词:pay attention to,look forward to,stick to,lead to,owing to,due to,devote

36、sth./oneself to,be devoted to,be exposed to,contribute to,make contributions to,object to,be opposed to,be addicted to等。 如:The boy has been addicted to playing computer games and shows little interest in his studies. I am looking forward to seeing you as soon as possible. 3.with表示“伴随着;带有”之意。 如:With

37、spring drawing near,it is becoming warmer and warmer. Kunming is a beautiful city with quite a few tourist attractions.,-33-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,4.by用于短语lead/take sb./sth.by the nose/hand/arm.中,表示“牵着,领着”。 如:It is wise to lead the cow by the nose. The old man took his grandson by the hand. 5.of还有“具有(某种特点)

38、”和“属于(某一类型)”的意思。 如:I hope my advice will be of some help to you. The two boys are of the same age.,-34-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,6.for还有“就而言”的意思,表示在一定的范围内。 如:The boy is tall for his age. It is quite warm for this season of the year. 7.by还可以表示增减的幅度或者差距。 如:He came late to work by 10 minutes. The old lady surviv

39、ed her husband by 5 years. The production of our company increased by 15%,compared to that of last year.,-35-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题1 (2015陕西卷)The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street. A.onB.by C.inD.at 思路点拨该句考查介词在固定短语中的使用。take sb.by the arm 为固定搭配,意为“抓住某人的胳膊”,故选B项。句意:那

40、个小学生抓住他奶奶的胳膊,带她过马路。 答案:B,-36-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题2 He thought the jar made of earth little value and let me have it only one dollar. A.with;forB.of;for C.of;byD.with;by 思路点拨第一空考查of表示“具有”之意,常用于(be) of little/much use/help/importance/significance/value 等搭配中。第二空考查for表示“交换”。故B项正确。句意:他认为那个土罐子不值多少钱,让我付一美元

41、拿走了它。 答案:B,-37-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,介词短语 考查方向 常用的介词短语在英语中极其丰富,意义复杂多变。同一个介词可与不同的动词、名词或形容词搭配,表示不同的意思。掌握这些搭配,对于夯实基础,提高英语水平大有裨益。,-38-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题1 (2018天津卷)Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report,but he went . A.at firstB.after all C.above allD.at random 思路点拨该题考查介词短语辨析

42、。at first“最初”,after all“毕竟,终归,到底”,above all“首先”,at random“任意地”。从表示转折关系的连词but来判断,尽管他不能去参加聚会,但是“终归”他去了,所以after all 合乎句子前后逻辑关系。故选B项。句意:鲍勃原以为他不能去参加聚会,因为他得写一篇报告,但他终归还是去了。 答案:B,-39-,突破点一,突破点二,突破点三,经典例题2 (2018江苏卷)Chinas soft power grows the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally. A.in

43、line withB.in reply to C.in return forD.in honour of 思路点拨该题考查介词短语辨析。in line with“与相似,与紧密相连”;in reply to“答复”,in return for“作为的回报”,in honour of “对表示敬意,为了纪念”。根据句子前后逻辑关系判断,Chinas soft power grows和the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally应该是相辅相成的关系,故A项符合句意。句意:中国软实力的增长与全球对中国不断增长的欣赏和理

44、解是紧密相连的。 答案:A,-40-,1.(2019天津卷) all the problems,several of the players produced excellent performances. A.According toB.Instead of C.In addition toD.In spite of 解析:句意:虽然有种种问题,仍有几位运动员发挥得很棒。according to“根据,按照”;instead of“相反”;in addition to“此外,还有”;in spite of“虽然,尽管”。故选D项。,D,-41-,2.(2018北京卷)Good morning

45、,Mr.Lees office. Good morning.Id like to make an appointment next Wednesday afternoon. A.forB.on C.inD.at 解析:句意:早上好,这里是李先生办公室。早上好,我想预约下周三下午。题干中的时间状语next Wednesday afternoon前面通常不接表时间的介词,因此on,in,at都不符合。故选A项。,A,-42-,3.(2018北京西城区一模)Parents need to encourage kids to develop their potential putting too mu

46、ch pressure on them. A.withoutB.besides C.byD.for 解析:句意:父母需要鼓励孩子们去发展他们的潜能,不要在他们身上施加太多的压力。由前面的“鼓励孩子”可知,后面应该否定“施加压力”,without“没有”,符合语境。without doing sth.“没有做某事”。故选A项。,A,-43-,4.(2018 江苏扬州、南通、徐州等市三模)The new system introduced last month is not working very effectively professional training. A.in place ofB

47、.in case of C.in terms ofD.in defense of 解析:句意:上个月引进的新体系,在职业培训方面并不太有效。in terms of“就而言”符合语境。in place of “代替”;in case of“假使,如果”;in defense of“为辩护,为保卫”。,C,-44-,5.(2018北京101中学三月月考)Just hang the towel the back of the chair so that it will dry soon. A.overB.behind C.withD.from 解析:句意:把毛巾挂在椅背上,这样它很快就会晾干。ove

48、r“在上面”;behind“在后面”;with“用,随着”;from“来自”。此处表示“在椅背上面”,故选A项。,A,-45-,6.(2018北京通州区四月模拟)The children have promised to give us a hand the packing. A.onB.for C.withD.in 解析:句意:孩子们答应帮我们收拾行李。give sb.a hand“给予帮助,助某人一臂之力”;give sb.a hand with sth.意为“帮某人做某事”,with后跟名词,故选C项。,C,-46-,7.(2018北京丰台区一模)Its important for a

49、girl to know what colors look good her skin. A.atB.on C.aboveD.against 解析:句意:对一个女孩来说,知道什么颜色衬自己的肤色很重要。against“以为背景,衬托”符合语境,故选D项。at“(表示位置)在,在旁”;on“在上面”;above“在上方”。,D,-47-,8.(2018天津河北区二模)It is known that theory is based on practice and serves practice. A.in needB.in return C.in turnD.in place 解析:句意:众所周

50、知,理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。in turn“反过来”符合语境。in need“在危难中”;in return“作为报答”;in place“在正确位置,准备就绪”。故选C项。,C,-48-,9.(2018 天津第一中学下学期第四次月考)A passer-by who happened to see the traffic accident was taken to the police station to describe it . A.at leastB.in relief C.at lengthD.on purpose 解析:句意:一位碰巧看到交通事故的路人被带到警察局详细

51、地描述这起事故。at length“充分地,详尽地”符合语意,故选C项。at least“至少”;in relief“如释重负,松了口气”;on purpose“故意地”。,C,-49-,10.(2018北京海淀区二模)This view is common all sections of the community. A.acrossB.above C.aroundD.along 解析:句意:这种观点被社会的各个阶层普遍认可。across“在各处”符合句意。above“超过,在上方”;around“围绕,在附近,在周围”;along“沿着,顺着”。,A,-50-,11.The debate

52、here will be limited in two main respects, the time available. A.in view ofB.in return for C.in addition toD.in comparison with 解析:句意:考虑到现有的时间,这场辩论将被限制在两个主要的方面。in view of “鉴于,考虑到”,符合句意,故选A项。in return for“作为的报答”;in addition to“除之外”;in comparison with“与比较”。,A,-51-,12.My driving has improved a lot,but

53、it is still perfect. A.next toB.far from C.due toD.apart from 解析:句意:我的驾驶技术进步了许多,但是离完美还差得很远。far from perfect表示“远不够完美”,故选B项。,B,-52-,13.That young man is honest,cooperative,always there when you need his help.,hes reliable. A.Or elseB.In short C.By the wayD.For one thing 解析:句意:那个年轻人做人诚实、善于合作、总是乐于助人。总之,他靠得住。