第八讲：怎样使译文流畅(上).ppt

1、How to Translate Coherently Part one,教学目的：本将的重点是怎样使译文流畅，重点解决如下问题： 教学内容： 1. Collocations 2. addition and omission 3. The Consistency of Subject (主语的一致性) 4. 主语、谓语、插入语的位置 5.句子的对称 6. 关于“头轻脚重”问题 7. 平行成分的先后顺序 8. 断句与合句,1. Collocations 主语与谓语、主语与表语、主语与宾语、谓语与状语、动词与其后的介词短语、系动词与表语、谓语与宾语、修饰语与中心词、介词与介词宾语、形容词与介词，在

2、这些词之间都有一定的搭配关系，如果搭配关系不当，译文就不会地道，读起来自然就感到不流畅。,1)The collocation between subject and predicate (1) 人格化问题 (Personification) 有些动词，在汉语里只能用于人，在英语里可用于人，也可用于物，如：汉语的“目睹”，只能说人目睹，不能说物目睹，而英语的see, witness, escape 既可以用于人，也可以用于物，如：,I witnessed the moment when they recognized each other. AUGUST 2 1917 witnessed the

3、 first landing of an aircraft on a moving ship. 罗马遭遇了历史上的大事件。 Rome witnessed great historic events.,（2）改变主语：通过改变主语的方法使译文的主语和谓语搭配。如： 各国人民的正义斗争都是互相支持的。 The people of the world supported each other in their just struggles.,用被动语态使主语和谓语搭配： 上海港不断更新设备，这个港口的生产已经面目一新。 Now the production at this port has take

4、n on a new look, as Shanghai Port have constantly replaced the old equipments with the new. 比较： As the old equipments have constantly been replaced with the new in Shanghai Port, the production at this port has taken on a new look.,有时我们还可以把原文主语的定语译为主语： 任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。 New things always have to

5、experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow (3) 主语与表语的配搭 他看起来年纪没那么大。 He doesnt look his years. 比较：He doesnt look his age.,这篇文章浅显易懂。 This article is obvious and easy This article is easy to read and understand. （4）谓语与状语的搭配 要选择适当的副词和介词短语。 这个部长受命归国。 The minister was ordered domestically. 比较：The m

6、inister was ordered home,要注意把只有延续性的动作、表示状态的动词与表示暂时的动作区别开，要使动词与状语相搭配。如： 离开家时，我穿上了大衣。 I wore my overcoat before I left home I put on my overcoat before I left home,有时译文的谓语动词不能与状语互相搭配，这时我们可将状语译为谓语，如： 总之，我们要千方百计地力争国民经济持续、均衡、高速发展。 In short，we must devise every possible way to secure a sustained, proporti

7、onate and high-speed development of the economy.,(5)一定的动词要求用一定的介词。 一个士兵大腿受了伤。 Asoldierhasbeenwoundedinthethigh. Asoldierhasbeeninjuredonthethigh. （6）系动词与表语的搭配 如：生病fall ill 开始睡着fall asleep 到期fall due 缺乏fall short of 一切都好 All things went well.,食物坏了。 The food went bad 他看起来很累。 He looks tired. 这朵花闻起来很香。

8、This flower smells very sweet. 自那之后，他疯了。 He went mad after that.,她的梦想终于实现了。 Her dream came true at last. 天很快变黑了。 Soon it grew dark. （7）动词与宾语的搭配 我们将采用国际贸易中的国际惯例。 We shall apply common international trade practices 比较：We shall follow common international trade practices,中法领导人本周四呼吁欧盟解除1989年实行的对中国的武器禁运并

9、给予中国市场经济地位。 The leaders of China and France on Thursday called on the European Union to lift its arms embargo against China that has been in place since 1989 and grant China market economy status.,中国的发展将会促进世界的和平和发展，不会对任何国家构成威胁。 Chinas development will promote world peace and development, and will ne

10、ver pose a threat to any country.,（8）介词与介词宾语的配搭。 正在这时，他来到现场。 It was * this juncture that he arrived upon the scene juncture V obj N* , e.g. say at juncture (4)ADJ N* , e.g. critical juncture (8)N* PREP , e.g. juncture in (9)PREP N* , e.g. at juncture (130)article N* , e.g. this juncture (96),她哈哈大笑起来

11、。 She burst into laughter （9） 一定的形容词要求用一定的介词。 他十分沉迷于宗教。 He is very obsessive in religion. 比较：He is very obsessive about religion. Dontbecomeobsessiveaboutweighing yourself-Iveryrarelysteponthescales.,2. 加字 为了使译文流畅、地道，有时需要加字，不能照汉语字面死译。 1) 增补连词 英语连词用得比较多, 词与词、短语与短语、句与句之间的关系通常都是通过一定的连词连接起来的。 因此在汉译英时就要根

12、据原文, 做出逻辑推理, 添加并列或从属连词 (表示时间、地点、条件、原因、程连词度或结果的连词) 。,1)表转折； yet, but, however, otherwise 2)表因果； therefore, thus, hence, so 3）表让步： nevertheless even so, although 4)表递近： furthermore, moreover, what is more, besides, not only.but also. in addition 5)表总结：in summary, in a word, in conclusion, in other wor

13、ds,送君千里, 终有一别。 You may see off a friend and escort him miles and miles away, but you still have to say good-bye in the end. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 累得我走不动了。 Im so tired that I cant walk any more.,2）增补介词 英语介词用得较多，句子中词与词之间的关系通常都是用介词来表示的，汉译

14、英时应注意适当增补介词。 我们应当尽量缩小城乡差距。 We should try to reduce the disparities between urban and rural areas as much as possible. 照相底片刚一暴露在X射线下, 就会变黑。 Photographic plates become darkened on exposure to X-rays.,3) 增补冠词 汉语中没有冠词 , 而英语中的冠词使用得却很广泛 , 因此 , 汉译英时应注意英语冠词的使用。例如: 我们在火车站会合吧。 Lets meet at the railway station

15、. 任何产品 , 无论是生活用品还是技术产品, 都要经过四个阶段。 Any product has to go through the four stages, whether its a technical product or a daily product.,4) 增补代词或名词 英语中使用代词较多, 代词被认为是避免重复名词、达到语言经济的一种有效手段。因而几乎每一句话都可以碰到这样或那样的代词。汉语则不同 , 使用代词较少。因此 , 在汉译英时, 应注意增补代词 (人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、关系代词、指示代词或代词it) 或名词。例如:,(1) 收到来信, 非常高兴, 知道你考取

16、了研究生, 特向你表示祝贺。 I was very delighted to receive your letter, knowing that you have been accepted as a graduate student. Here I would like to offer my congratulations (2) 请原谅, 打断一下你们热烈的讨论。 Excuse me for my interruption of your heated discussion.,5) 增补意义补充词语 结合上下文语义，按照英语行文规范, 增补意义补充词语或语气补充词语, 从而使英语译文准确

17、达意 , 连贯流畅。例如: 我不爱喝饮料。 I dont like drinks. I dont like soft drinks. 汉语“饮料”不包含酒精的饮品，而英语drinks可分为hard drinks（含酒精的）和soft drinks(不含酒精的）两种。原文“饮料”既然指不含酒精的，译成英语要加上soft一词意思才清楚。,人和动物不同。 Man is different from animals. Man is different from other animals. 汉语“动物”一词在这里是狭义的，不包括“人”，而英语man则是animals的一种，也就是animals里包括m

18、an, 翻译时必须增加other 一词，表示和其它动物不同，否则不合逻辑。,6) 增补解释性词语或注释性词语 (桃花源) 始建于晋, 初兴于唐, 鼎盛于宋, 毁于元 , 时兴时衰于明清, 萧条于民国, 渐复于解放后, 大规模修复开发于 1990。,Taohuayuan ( the peach flower source ) was first built in the Jin Dynasty (256-439 A.D), began to take shape in the Tang Dynasty (618-709), flourished in the Song Dynasty (960-

19、1297), and went to ruin in the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279-1368). With ups and downs through the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911), it was almost abandoned in the times of the Republic of China (1921-1949). Its restoration was made from the year1949 and a large - scale expansion and development began in 1990.,7) 增补表达实际内涵意义的词语或提供背景知识的词语 (1) 发展才是硬道理。 Economic growth is most i