2018高考英语大一轮复习语法专题一名词和冠词课件

1、第二部分 语法专题 一、名词和冠词,语法精讲,一、名词 考点一名词的数 1.物质名词(如:air,water,milk,paper,money)和抽象名词(如:happiness, health,knowledge,traffic)一般都是不可数名词。,要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是不可数名词:advice,baggage/ luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck, progress,work,homework,news,word (消息)等。 有些物质名词表示不同种类时可用复数形式。如: Mary bought a

2、 variety of fruits and vegetables for the party. 玛丽为聚会买了各种水果和蔬菜。 有些物质名词可用作可数或不可数名词,不过意义有改变。如:coffee 作为物质名词(咖啡) 不可数,但two coffees 表示两杯咖啡。,特别提示,2.不可数名词常用(a) little,much,a great deal of等修饰,可数名词 常用(a) few,many,a number of等修饰。a lot of,lots of,plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。,3.抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的

3、某 一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。,difficulty困难;a difficulty一件难事 failure失败;a failure一个失败者;一件失败的事 success成功;a success一位成功者;一件成功的事 surprise惊奇;a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 honour荣誉;an honour一位带来荣誉的人,一件带来荣誉的事 Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。 His new book was a great success.他的新书非常成功。,4.单数名词变为复数名词 一般情况加-s,以s,sh,ch,x等结

4、尾加-es。以ce,se,ze等结尾加-s。其他 名词复数的变化如下: (1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es,它们 是:hero,echo,potato,tomato,记忆口诀,(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加-ves,它们是: self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half,记忆口诀,记忆口诀,(3)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要 变复数。 men teachers男老师 women engineers女工程师,考点二名词的构词法 1.动

5、词变名词的后缀,2.形容词变名词的后缀,二、冠词 冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。a/an的基本含义为“一个”,表泛指;the的基本含义是“这个,那个”,表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰,重复出现时用the修饰。 考点一不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”),考点二定冠词the的用法 1.特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。 Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday? 你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿? 2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。 The tiger is in da

6、nger of becoming extinct. 老虎濒临灭绝。 Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 1876年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。 3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。 The Greens live a happy life. 格林一家人过着幸福的生活。 The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately. 受伤者被立刻送往医院。 4.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:the moon,the sun,the earth,the universe, t

7、he world,the sky等。,当这些名词前有修饰语时,则要用不定冠词。如:a bright moon,a new world。 有些事物虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词,如:space太空, nature自然,man人类。,特别提示,5.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如:in the east,in the northwest,play the piano。 6.用于序数词和形容词最高级前面。 Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China. 在中国杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。 This is the

8、best film Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。,当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词。如:a second time,意为“再一次;又一次”。,特别提示,7.用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。 It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education. 在20世纪90年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。 8.“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代 替。take

9、sb.by the arm抓某人的胳膊hit sb.on the head砸在了某 人的头上。 9.用在固定搭配中。如:by the way,in the distance,in the morning, in the end,in the direction of,on the whole,on the other hand, the other day,to tell the truth,in the country,all the time,go to the cinema,in the open air,on the radio,at the same time,at the mome

10、nt等。,考点三零冠词的用法 1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠 词。如:China,America,Smith。 2.表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运 动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。 January 1st is New Years Day.一月一日是新年。 I like physics though its a bit difficult. 尽管物理有点难,但是我喜欢它。 I always have breakfast at home and lunch at school. 我总是在家里吃早饭,在学校吃午饭。 Some stude

11、nts will play basketball after school. 有些学生放学以后打篮球。,表示语言的名词之后有language时则要加定冠词,如 the English language。 如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节,需加定冠词,如 in the spring of the year 2012。 在中国的传统节日前用定冠词the。如:the Spring Festival。,特别提示,3.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时, 不加冠词。常用的名词有king,president,chairman,monitor,head 等。 We made

12、Jack monitor of our class. 我们选杰克当我们班的班长。 4.在某些固定词组、习惯用语中,不用冠词。 (1)相对应使用的词,如father and son,husband and wife,knife and fork,sun and moon等。,5.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽 管但是。” Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings. 虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。,6.常用的固定词组辨析,at table 就餐at the table在桌子旁 in hospital 住院in the

13、 hospital 在医院 in front of 在的前面(外部) in the front of 在的前面(内部) go to school 上学 go to the school 去学校 in charge of.负责 in the charge of.由负责 out of question 没问题 out of the question 不可能,真题链接,1.But for tourists like me,pandas are its top (attract). (2016全国) 2.The nursery team switches him every few (day) wit

14、h his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed. (2016全国) 3.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the 。 (develop)of chopsticks.(2016全国),答案及剖析: 1.attraction句意:但是对于像我一样的游客来说,大熊猫是最大的吸引。形 容词top“头等的;最重要的”,后面跟名词形式。 2.days句意:护理团队每隔几天

15、就把他和他的妹妹互换一下,这样当他们中的 一个在被人工喂养的时候。day为可数名词,其前有few修饰,故用复数 形式。 3.development句意:一些人认为大约生活于公元前551年到479年间的中国伟 大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。此处有the修饰且作influence的宾语需用名 词形式。,4. prize for the winner of the competition is . two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江,单项填空) 5.The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the Am

16、erican Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.(2015全国),答案及剖析: 4.The;a句意:这次比赛给获胜者的奖励是巴黎两周游。第一个空格特 指对比赛获胜者的奖励,故用the。第二个空格泛指一次为期两周的假 期,用不定冠词a。 5.the根据句意可知,“ most modern”表示最高级的含义, 故填定冠词the。,跟踪训练,.单句语法填空 1.He contacted University officials to tell about the . (possible) of

17、returning the book. 2.More than 300 (coach) have been invited to the meeting.(2017江西新余) 3.To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their (strong) and weaknesses.,答案及剖析: 1.possibility考查派生词的用法。此处作介词about的宾语,应用提 示词的名词形式possibility意思是“可能性”。 2.coaches考查名词的复数。coach为可数名

18、词,前有more than 300, 故此处用coach的复数形式coaches。 3.strengths考查派生词的用法。and连接两个并列的名词作know的宾 语,故此处填提示词的名词形式,注意此处需要用复数。strengths and weaknesses意思是“优点和缺点”。,4.According to the news report,personal (possess) of guns in the USA causes a lot of trouble. 5.There is a growing (tend) for people to work at home instead

19、of in offices. 6.Rain falls in summer,and there was heavy rain last night.,答案及剖析: 4.possession考查派生词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处用名词作 主语,故此处用名词形式possession,意思是“持有”。 5.tendency考查派生词的用法。本句为there be句型,空格处需要名 词作主语,故此处填名词形式tendency,又根据空前的不定冠词a,可知 应用单数形式。 6.a考查冠词的用法。a heavy rain意思是“一场大雨”。,7.As he approached the bridge,t

20、he sound got louder and then he saw pitiful sight.(2017江西红色七校一联) 8.Recently when he took look at his collection of books, he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago. 9.He devotes most of his time to football.And I am sure he promises to be excellent footballer. 10.Nowadays most popular means o

21、f communication is to send short messages by mobile phone.,答案及剖析: 7.a考查冠词的用法。设空处后的名词sight作“景象,情景”讲时,为可数名 词,在本句中表泛指,故与不定冠词连用。 8.a考查冠词的用法。句意:最近,当他查看他的藏书时,他发现了那本61年前 借的旧书。“take a look (at.)”为固定短语,意为:看一看。 9.an考查冠词的用法。根据句意可知,此处表示“一名杰出的足球运动员”, 又excellent为元音音素开头,因此应该填不定冠词an。 10.the考查冠词的用法。此处用在形容词最高级之前,应该填定

22、冠词the。,.单句语法改错 (含非本专项及一句二错试题) 1.The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel. 2.He gave me all the encouragements I needed to be able to carry on.(2017四川成都外国语学校模拟) 3.Some people from different part of the world have different values,so he is necessary to lea

23、rn from each other.,答案及剖析: 1.minuteminutes句意:机场班车每30分钟一趟,会将你直接带到友 谊宾馆。minute前面有数词30修饰,minute须用复数形式。 2.encouragementsencouragement句意:他给了我能继续下去所需要 的鼓励。encouragement是不可数名词,没有复数形式。 3.partparts根据part前的修饰语different 可知应用part的复数 形式。 heit根据句子意思可知,此处意为“相互学习是必要的”,须用it is+adj.+to do.的句型。,4.How are you?Today Ive got a wonderful news to tell you. 5.they only eat what they like and never touch food they dont like even if they really need it for their health.(2017 江西南昌高三联考) 6.We dont have enough books for anybody; some of you will have to share.,答案及剖析: 4.去掉a句意