CET4 Writing.ppt

1、CET4 Writing,CET 4 写作现状,40%以上考生 5分左右 8%不到 11分以上,拼写错误多，字迹混乱，书写潦草 审题马虎，文不对题，语无伦次 没有文采，缺乏写作技巧 用中文思维逐字翻译，句子不通，语法错误多 格式不规范,内容要切题 层次要清楚，结构要合理 写好段首句，每段的第一句话要体现本段的中心思想 要保证思路清晰流畅，善用连接词 语法，拼写要准确,评分标准,0分 文不对题，语句混乱，无法理解 1-3分 条例不清，思路紊乱，只有少数句子可以理解，错误百出 4-6分 基本切题，语句可以理解，有较多句子结构和用词错误 7-9分 内容切题，基本包揽提纲的全部内容，表达基本清楚，文字

2、勉强连贯，句子结构和用语有少量错误，其中有一些是严重错误 10-12分 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容表达清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，但少量语言错误 13-15分 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容表达清楚，文字连贯，句式有变化，卷面整洁，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错,高分作文,1.熟悉校园生活话题和社会热点话题的主题词汇 2.熟悉各类文体写作特征 3积极使用一些高分词汇和短语 4.积极使用连接词 5积极使用程度副词和评论性副词,Common Types of Genres in CET 4 Writing,1. Description 2. Narration 3

3、. Exposition 4.Argumentation 5. Practical Writing,Description,2004、6 A brief introduction to a tourist attraction Your role: a tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign tourists Your introduction should include: Some welcoming words The schedule for the day A description of the place the tourists

4、 will be visiting You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody.,Narration,2003/9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill 简单叙述一下这位同学生病受伤的情况 同学，老师和我是如何帮助他（她）的 人与人之间的这种关爱给我的感受是。,Exposition,My View on College Cheating How to Solve Energy Problem? How to Achieve

5、Success? Why College Students Take Part-time Jobs? Harmfulness of fake commodities,Argumentation,Can Money Buy Happiness? (95/1) Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?(98/6) Reading Selectively or Extensively（99/6) Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?(2000/6) Should the University Campus be Open

6、 to Tourists (2006/1) On the Spring Festival Gala（2006/12） The Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports What Electives to Choose ?(2007/12),Practical Writing,2001年 6月 Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the weeklong holiday.

7、1) 表示欢迎 2) 提出对度假安排的建议 3) 提醒应注意的事项,2002年1月 A Letter to the university President about the canteen service on Campus 假如你是李明,请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信,内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量,价格,环境,服务等,可以是表扬,可以是批评建议,也可以兼而有之.,2004年1月 You are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry for admission to your college o

8、r university. 1.建议报考的专业与理由 2.报考该专业的基本条件 3.应当如何备考,2005年1月 Write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the Student Union. 你认为自己具备什么条件(能力,性格,爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作 如果当选,你将会为本校同学做什么,2006年6月 You are allowed 30 minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿活动,现招募

9、志愿者 本次志愿者活动的目的,内容,安排等 报名及联系方式,2007年6月 Write an announcement to welcome students to join a club. 本社团的主要活动内容 参加本社团的好处 如何加入本社团,Writing Principles for the Above Genres,When we describe something, first we should have a picture in our mind. Then with the help of words, we enable our reader to “see” what

10、we have seen, “hear” what we have heard, “taste” what we have tasted, touch what we have touched, “smell” what we have smelled and ”feel” what we have felt. Descriptive essays can be subdivided into a description of a place; a description of a person; and a description of an object.,Description,How

11、should we introduce a descriptive essay?,The beginning paragraph of a descriptive essay usually goes directly to the subject to be described, informing the reader to what extent or from which stand point the subject will be explored. Meanwhile, the first paragraph sets the tone for the whole essay,

12、giving such hints as to whether the description is objective or subjective,Sample,My hometown is in a small village which is 20 kilometers away from the city of Ningbo. I love my hometown mainly because of the kindly people, the peaceful life and the beautiful surroundings.,How should we develop the

13、 body of a descriptive essay?,We may use the spatial pattern to organize a description of a large city, a town or even a regular room as you view it from a certain location and then move from far to near or from near to far. In some cases, a combination of spatial and chronological orders may be use

14、d to achieve your purpose. But the most important of all, a dominant impression should be created no matter what patterns you follow.,Sample paragraphs developed by spatial order: My bedroom is my favorite room in the house. As I stand at the door looking in, the first thing I see on the far side of

15、 the room is a yellow wall, its soft color framing a large picture of my friend Cyde and me. Underneath it is a bed covered with a flowered bedspread and, to the left, my night table, holding a beige telephone, a small lamp, and a radio alarm clock. Behind the night table fresh from my window gently

16、 rustles the yellow and green curtains back and forth. When I pull the door behind me, it squeaks. As I turn to examine the wall where the door is, I see my twelve-drawer bureau, made of mahogany. To protect the wall from scratches, a white dresser scarf sits on top in a neat square. On top of it ar

17、e a black and white TV set, a wooden jewelry box, three bottles of cream, and a baby picture of me in a silver frame. Hanging on the wall beside my dresser is a calendar with large black numbers. In the corner below the calendar is the radiator. Above it, there are three bookshelves. The top shelf h

18、olds some dusty hardcover novels, and my history books on the Civil War; the middle shelf holds the paperback novels; and the bottom shelf supports stacks of disco album records, cassette tapes, loose papers and all my odds and ends. After I select a book from one of the shelves and pull off my sock

19、s and shoes, I lie down on bed to enjoy my peaceful room.,How should we end a descriptive essay?,A descriptive essay usually ends with the completion of description, with an obvious dominant impression projected to the reader. If you have created an impression or mood, you might offer your reaction

20、to it. If you wish to persuade, you might urge some action. You may even leave a question to the reader to think about.,Use some transitional words or prepositional phrases indicating space:,Above; across; against; along; around; at; behind; below; beneath; beside; between; facing; from; in ; inside

21、; in front of; in the middle of; next to; on; on either side of; on top of; outside; over; separated by; supported by; surrounded by; to the left of; to the right of; under,To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In other words, a narrative recreates an event or gives a s

22、ense of it by helping the audience visualize the event. It should observe the following three rules: (1)Unity (2)Coherence (3) Full development,Narration,(1)Unity:,By unity we mean that a paragraph should state only one single thought or idea. All the developing sentences should relate to the contro

23、lling idea. A good way of achieving unity is by means of the topic sentence.,topic sentence,A topic sentence is a statement of the controlling idea. A topic sentence should not be a simple statement of a fact: e.g. You can buy these socks at the department store for two dollars. A topic sentence sho

24、uld not be too general: e.g. Traveling is good. A topic sentence should not be too specific and too detailed. E.g. I started college after being away from school for seven years. A good topic sentence should have a topic and a controlling idea:,Sample,Hong Kong has a fascinating mixture of European

25、and Asian traditions. Topic: Hong Kong Controlling idea: a fascinating mixture of Europe and Asian traditions. Although smoking has been a popular habit for centuries, it has always had its enemies. Topic: smoking Controlling idea: “has always its enemies”,(2)Coherence:,Generally, the body paragraph

26、 of an event narrative essay is mostly developed chronologically (by time order) -that is , in the order of their occurrence in time. The earliest events come first, followed by more recent ones. We can use many transitional words indicating time such as: at first, then, finally, afterwards, soon af

27、ter, after a while, shortly, simultaneously, presently, latterly, etc.,(3) Full development:,adequate details must be included to support the controlling idea in the body paragraph. Generally, when deciding what to include in the narration, you should take the six journalistic questions (six Ws) int

28、o consideration: who ? what? When? Where? How? Why? To make it specific, you should tell the reader what happened, when it happened, where it happened, why it happened, how it happened, and who was /were involved. If all these questions are properly answered, then all the significant information is

29、included in the narrative.,I was standing right across the road there by my car getting ready to change a flat tire when I heard the train coming. Just as the engine reached the crossing, there was a terrible noise. It sounded like a crack of thunder. Then there was a loud grinding sound. All of a s

30、udden, the coal cars started to jackknife, falling off the tracks like toys, with coal pouring out all over the ground. Coal dust and dirt were flying everywhere. Then, in a minute or two, everything was still; the only thing moving was the coal, sliding out of the cars in piles. I just stood there

31、and watched. It was like something youd see in the movies.,Narration（叙述文写作技巧）,把握英文的语言特征 合理运用5W1H原则，确保叙述完整 合理选用人称，确立记叙顺序 认真塑造人物，周密设置情节,Model 1,It was a Monday morning _. When _, who _. On the way back home, I thought a lot. _. Moreover, _ because only by doing so can I _.If I am always ready to _, th

32、e world of _ will _.,Model 2,On September 22, 2003, I witnessed _ on my way to _. It was around _. Hardly had I _when _. In my eyes, the major responsibility for _ was (not) related to _. It was because _that_._ is also to blame. If _ had not been so _, the consequence would not have _.,Exposition,1

33、.exemplification expository essay writing; 2.process and analysis expository essay writing; parison and contrast expository essay writing; 4.cause and effect expository essay writing; 5.division and classification expository essay writing;,1.Exemplification,What kind of examples should we choose? re

34、levant/striking/useful/representative/accurate examples. Where to find appropriate examples? From your personal experience/ personal observations /short stories, novels, television or movies /authoritative sources: facts, statistics or reports. Phrases:“for example”, “for instance”, “such as”, “ to

35、illustrate”, “ in other words”, “in this instance”, “as an example”, “let me illustrate”, “according to statistics”, “ To quote.” “let me cite as proof”,2. Process analysis,orientation( including the subject of your explanation and the process you are going to explain.) specific steps in proper orde

36、r ( time order, space order or in the order of their importance) coda( making a summary of all the steps or give the reader some encouragement in cheery words) Phrases: a lot of model words such as “ should”, “must” “can” “will” “had better” are often used in expository process essays. A lot of conn

37、ecting words indicating time relationships such as “while, when, whenever, before, after, the moment that, once, until, as soon as” ; and indicating sequences such as firstly; secondly; first of all, next, then, finally, last, etc.,3. comparison and contrast,1.subject-by-subject pattern or the patte

38、rn dealing with one side at a time. Subject A : Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Subject B: Point 1 Point 2 Point 3,Thesis: Living in the countryside is more relaxing than living in modern city Living in the countryside: a) fresh air and quiet environment b)less traffic c) less pressure Living in a modern ci

39、ty: a)noisy and polluted environment b) too much traffic and inconvenient for moving about c)much more pressure and competition,2. point by point pattern: Point 1: Subject A Subject B Point 2: Subject A Subject B Point 3: Subject A Subject B,Thesis: I enjoy studying in college more than in high scho

40、ol Point 1: spare time activities a. in a college b. in a high school Point 2: study tasks and purposes a. in a college b. in a high school,Conjunctions and phrases: The use of connecting words for comparison and contrast Words to indicate contrast are as follows: Unlike; different from; despite; in

41、 contrast; on the other hand; even though; while; however; nevertheless Words to indicate comparison are as follows: Like; similar to; just like; the same as; similarly; likewise; in the same way; just as;,4. Cause and effect expository,the single-cause-many-effects pattern: Effect 1 Cause Effect 2

42、Effects 3 e.g. Cause: cheating in exam Effect1: The teacher will not know the students weakness. Effect 2: It will hinder fair competition. Effect 3: It will encourage other students to follow.,The many-causes-single-effect pattern: cause 1 effect cause 2 cause 3 Effect: College freshmen make failin

43、g grades. Cause 1: The students inability to discipline themselves. Cause 2: Their poor preparation for advanced- level work. Cause 3: The improper choice of their major,The causal and chain pattern: Cause Effect ( cause) Effect ( cause ) Effect (cause ) Effect A sample paragraph John got his left l

44、eg injured in a car accident (the original cause). Then he had to be hospitalized for three months (the first effect). Due to his hospitalization (the second cause), he missed three month of school (the second effect). Because of his absence from school (the third cause), he failed to attend the cou

45、rses this term (third effect). Owing to his failure to attend the courses (the fourth cause), he failed in the exam (the fourth effect).,5. Division and Classification,The purpose is mainly to divide a single unit into parts or classify subjects according to types so that the writer can present the

46、subject or subjects in a clearer way. Using words to introduce categories: the first group; the next category; one type; another kind; the second division; classify; group; categorize; divide; sort; organize;,Types of Newspapers in India Newspapers in India are classified into two categories accordi

47、ng to the amount and completeness of information in them. Newspapers in the first category have more information and truth. Those in the second category do not have much information and they hide the truth. Newspapers in the first category have news collected from different parts of the country and

48、also from different countries. They also have lots of sports and business news and classified ads. The information they give is clear and complete and it is supported by showing picture. The best known example of this category is the Indian Express. Important news goes on the first page with big hea

49、dline. Unlike newspapers in the first category, newspapers in the second category do not give as much information. They do not have international news, sports or business news and they do not have classified ads. Also the news they give is not complete. Therefore , newspapers in the first group are

50、more popular than those in the second group.,Argumentation,Argumentation or persuasion involves more than presenting a point of view and providing evidence . Its main purpose is to convince. It tries to make the reader agree to the point of view of the writer and support it, to persuade the reader t

51、o change his view and accept the writers view.,Essential elements of argumentation,The issue: a controversy , a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view. The claim: the point of view the writer tries to improve about the issue, usually the writers view on the

52、 issue. The support: ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believed. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence and emotional appeal. The refutation: recognizes / acknowledges and argues against opposing viewpoints,(1)introduction: your introducti

53、on should clarify the controversy and state your thesis, which is often called the assertion or proposition. Be sure that your position focuses on a controversial issue.,(2) Body: In the body, the writer should provide reasons to support the thesis. The first part of the body is usually the confirma

54、tion. In the confirmation, you have to present convincing evidence for your thesis. The evidence must be unified, adequate, specific, accurate, representative and reasonable. The usual source of evidence consists of examples, facts, expert opinions, statistic findings and personal experiences or obs

55、ervation. Since argumentation focuses on controversial issues, you should also take opposing views into account. Therefore in the second part of the body, we usually acknowledge the good points of opposing views and then refute the differing viewpoints.,conclusion: restatement of the thesis/urge to

56、take action Words and phrases: agree to a view; agree with one; agree that; accept sth; oppose sth.; objection (to sth.); claim; assert; argue; suggest (make suggestions); in favor of; advantages; disadvantages;,对比选择型 利弊分析型 现象阐述型 问题分析型 观点论证型,对比选择型,Recently, the widespread concern about _ arouses heated deb