c2英汉语言对比课件2.ppt

1、第二章英汉语言对比A Comparison between English and Chinese,第二部分 Part Two,Procedures of today:,Differences between English and Chinese syntax Differences between English and Chinese rhetoric Differences between English and Chinese discourse Exercises in class Assignments of today,“so far as English and Chines

2、e are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.” E. A. Nida 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别，就是形合和意合的对比。,Differences between syntax:,形合与意合（hypotaxis and parataxis): 英汉两种语言最本质的区别 Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationshi

3、p of clauses with connectives, e.g. I shall despair if you dont come. 形合指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段（如连词或关联词）连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。 Parataxis: The juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, e.g. The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed a

4、way. 意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。,Some more examples:,That is our policy and that is our declaration. 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture, and build up Peoples health. 东海缺少白玉床，龙王请来金陵王。 If the Dragon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of J

5、inling, its said.,Differences between syntax:,形合与意合最典型的表现是英汉两种语言句子结构的不同 英语句子外形很严谨，重分析，强调形合；汉语句子外形较松散、自由，重意合、轻分析。 英语以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，通过大量反映形式关系要素层层搭架，往往从句中套从句，形成的长句较多（tree structure）；汉语讲究炼句，忌冗长拖沓，重明晰舒缓。多个动词的连用使呈流水句式（bamboo structure）。(complex vs. simplex) 英语句子主次分明，汉语句子表现的信息从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句。 (subject

6、-prominent vs. topic-prominent),“ We must settle somethingwe must take a line,” he declared, passing his hand through his hair and giving a glance at the long, narrow mirror which adorned the space between the two windows, and which had at its base a little gilded bracket covered by a thin slab of w

7、hite marble, supporting in its turn a backgammonboard folded together in the shape of two volumestwo shining folios inscribed, in greenish-gilt lettersHistory of England. “我们得做出决定了得拿出个主意来”，他一边说，一边用手捋着头发，瞅了瞅两扇窗户之间作装饰用的长长的镜子，镜子的底座是一个镀金的小托架，托架上搁着一块白色的大理石薄板，薄板支撑着一块棋盘，棋盘做得像叠起来的两卷书，书上印着带绿色的金字英国历史。,江南，秋当然也

8、是有的；但草木凋得慢，空气来得润，天的颜色显得淡，并且又时常多雨而少风；一个人夹在苏州上海杭州，或厦门香港广州的市民中间，混混沌沌地过去，只能感受到一点点清凉，秋的味，秋的色，秋的意境与姿态，总看不饱，尝不透，玩赏不到十足。 There is of course autumn in the South too, but over there plants wither slowly, the air is moist, the sky pallid, and it is more often rainy than windy. While muddling along all by mysel

9、f among the urban dwellers of Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Hong Kong or Guangzhou, I feel nothing but a little chill in the air, without ever relishing to my hearts content the flavour, colour, mood and style of the season. （Tr. By Zhang Peiji）,Strategies for syntax differences:,英语长句一般需打破源语结构

10、，按汉语意合句法进行重组。英语中的许多词可以用汉语的动词来翻译，连接词有时可以不译。介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大多数情况下都被译为汉语的短语或分句。 汉译英的时候，需找出各个分句之间的逻辑关系。用英语的连接词表达汉语句子内含的语法关系；把汉语的分句特别是流水句归化为英语的名词、分词短语、定语从句、独立主格等；把汉语的众多动词分主次编排成英语的习惯表达，特别注意把一些汉语动词变为英语的名词、介词等等。,On the flight to Hawaii, memories of my childhood, when I was my fathers small shadow, came flo

11、oding back. 在前往夏威夷的漫长飞行途中，我对童年的记忆如洪水般涌来。记忆中的我简直就是父亲身后小小的影子。 中国是一个疆域辽阔、人口众多的多民族同一国家。 China is a unitary multinational country with a vast territory and a large population. Work, therefore, is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing

12、necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. 因而，工作首先是作为一种解除烦闷的手段而被人们称道的。一个人在从事必要但不怎么有趣的工作时，也会感到烦闷，但这种烦闷比较起他整天无所事事所感到的烦闷来，就不值一提了。,他慈爱而又严厉，具有典型的中国父亲做派，对我的要求特别苛刻。尽管我们父女俩相似之处颇多，但我们已经变得越来越疏远。 Loving but stern in th

13、e manner typical of Chinese fathers, he had made particular demand on me, and though we were very much alike, wed grown very far apart. 修身、齐家、治国、平天下。 Cultivate individual moral character, run the family in unison, manage the nation in order and peace will prevail throughout the universe.,这个县是1945年建立

14、的，藏族牧民约占人口的百分之四十。 The county was organized in 1945, with Tibetan herdsmen making up about 40 percent of its population. Hoping to earn enough for his plane-fare home to Oregon to keep Christmas, he responds to a small ad for a weekend job: a Mrs. Rossi needs a minder for her blind father. 他希望挣到足够的钱买

15、机票回家乡俄勒冈去过圣诞节，当他一看到一则周末用工的小广告后就立即前往应聘，这则广告是一个名叫罗西太太登的，她要找一个人去护理她双目失明的父亲。,Some more examples:,The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invent

16、ed. (tree structure) 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。(bamboo structure) 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有他异，只有本然。 When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a

17、man refines his moral character to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn nature shine forth.,Differences between rhetoric:,重复 英语常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复，汉语用词不怕重复 ，利用排比能给语句造成很好的强势效果。 英译汉时，适当用汉语的实称词还原英语的代词；汉译英时则只是译“意”而不译“形” 。 排比与对偶 英语不重视用词的均

18、衡和对偶而汉语善用四字词组和对偶排比 英译汉时适当采用一些四字词组或并列对偶形式，可以增加汉语译文的文采 行文风格 汉语行文特别讲究有“文采”，喜用大词，华丽词，诗意词；英语行文崇尚低调客观，言之有物，应该朴实、清晰、容易理解,替代与重复 p.28 He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength. 他不再梦见暴风雨，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。 在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了数次

19、会商。 During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times. 她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。 She is lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame,排比与对偶 p.29 The hurricane flattened crops, uprooted trees, washed away roads and rippled of roof

20、s. 飓风所到之处，庄稼倒伏，树根拔起，道路冲毁，房顶掀飞。 Louise W is symbolic of growing and intense problem in the American society. The nation venerates youth, yet the proportion over sixty-five yeas is increasing. For many of these older people, their declining years are without dignity. They have no function; they are wi

21、thout money. Millions of them wear out the last days of their existence in small apartments, in rooming houses, in nursing homes. 路易丝W的境况典型地表明了美国社会中的一个日趋严重和紧张的问题。这个国家只重视年轻人，而年过65岁的人口比例却在增大。对许多老年人来说，他们的晚年生活可谓贫辱交加。他们无事可做，囊空如洗。数以百万计的老年人在小公寓、小单间里或老年人收容所里消磨着风烛残年。,行文风格 p.30 夏日，九寨沟掩映在苍翠欲滴的浓荫之中。五色的海子、流水，梳理着

22、翠绿的树叶与水草，银帘般的瀑布抒发四季中最为恣意的激情。温柔的风吹拂经幡，吹拂树梢，吹拂你流水一样自由的心绪。 In summer, Jiuzhaigou is set off by green shades. The colorful lakes, flowing waters are combing the green leaves and water grass; the waterfalls like silver screens are expressing themselves most unscrupulously. Soft wind sways the Buddhist st

23、reamers, the tops of the trees and your heart as free as the flowing water. The summer verdant shades penetrate colorful lakes, flowing waters, sparkling waterfalls as well as Buddhist streamers swinging all over Jiuzhaigou.,Some more examples:,It is our duty to defend and rebuild our homeland. 保卫家园

24、和重建家园是我们的职责。 在改善物质生活的同时，充实精神生活。 While improving the peoples material well-being, we shall enrich their cultural life. Dont fancy any longer. To you, he is absolutely a man of loyalty. 别再胡思乱想了，他对你绝对是一心一意的。 该市的人都赞成。 Almost everyone in the city is in favor of it.,四字对偶词组的使用,gratitude 感恩戴德, ingratitude 忘

25、恩负义, prosperity 繁荣昌盛, great contribution 丰功伟绩, vivid 生动活泼, arrogance 骄傲自大, careless 粗心大意, in chaos 乌烟瘴气, rumors 流言蜚语, street gossip 街谈巷议, grotesque 奇形怪状, 贪官污吏 corrupt officials， 土崩瓦解 fall apart，精疲力竭 exhaustion, ，空空洞洞 hollow，恭恭敬敬 respectful,英汉语言句子结构及其反映的心理结构差异,英语往往把最需要表达的东西放在一个句子的最前边，而汉语往往把最需要说的东西放在句

26、子的最后变边。 辜正坤翻译标准多元互补论,Differences between discourse:,叙事顺序 英语一般从“现在”到“过去”，从总提到叙述；汉语则从“过去”到“现在”，从分述到总结。 段落意识 英语一个段落一个中心。主语应尽量避免跳动。人物的心理活动常用引语形式分开，独立成段。而汉语一个段落可包容几个意思段落；对主语没有严格的要求，并且习惯把心理活动同文章的叙述语句混在一起。 篇章组织 英语的行文方式是直线型，点题论证总结；或者先论证，后以主题句结尾。英文行文直接，强调严密的逻辑推理，讲究句式结构的严谨。汉语的行文方式是螺旋型，文贵曲折，不要求开门见山，而是旁征博引，从各种外

27、围角度论证主题。汉语行文讲究含蓄华丽，重意合，没有英语中种类繁多的连接手段。,Some more examples:,His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19104, USA. 他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码 19104。 这是能想得出的最好解决办法。 This is the best solution imaginable. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one

28、another for three years after we left China in 1959. 我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭受自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。,自上了轿，从纱窗中瞧瞧，其街市之繁华，人烟之阜盛，自非别处可比。 TT1： She got into her chair. She peeped through the gauze panel which served as a window. Streets and buildings could be seen. She noticed that they were richer

29、 and more elegant. And throngs of people were seen who were more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before. TT2：She got into her chair and peeping through the gauze panel which served as a window, she could see streets and buildings more rich and elegant and throngs of people mor

30、e lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before.,“手把青秧插田野，低头便见水中天。六根清净方为稻，退步原来是向前。”（今古奇观）这是中国农村不变的插秧种稻的场景。 中国是世界上最大的水稻生产国。在中国家喻户晓的水稻专家袁隆平培育出的杂交水稻，平均亩产已达到1000斤，这使得全国的水稻平均亩产迅速蹿升到800斤左右。 China is the worlds largest rice producer. Hybrid rice developed by noted Chinese scientist Yuan Lon

31、gping and his assistants has a per mu (1/15 hectare) yield of 500 kilograms. Its popularization in China has increased the countrys average per mu yield to 400 kilograms.,Some more examples:,Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon th

32、e hollow? Suddenly these cliches are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. 盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？空心的面包圈，你是否只盯着那圈面包，而不去理会那个空心？这些老生常谈的问题，在研究人员考察积极思维的作用时，却突然具有了科学意义。,Some more examples:,他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。面对别人的成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，

33、不会有成功等着你，还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人永远只能摸着成功的尾巴。 Human life, it seems to me, needs a placidity of mind. While others may be wining and dining, Im content with plain tea. Not dazzled by other peoples aura of success and glamour, Ill indulge in my simple pleasure. Clearly aware where the credit goes, I wont join i

34、n the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed to me on a plate. The best a blind follower can do is tailing after the winners. The only alternative is to create wonders of ones own.,Differences between vocabularies:英汉语的词汇差异,英语中名词、代词和介词的使用以及汉语中动词的使用 英语词汇的兼类 英语词汇的涵义范围,Differences between grammars: 英汉语语法差异,英语是曲折语言，汉语是非曲折语言 英语是“法治”的语言，汉语是“人治”的语言,Differences between syn