高考阅读理解分类讲解

1、第一章 阅读理解专题,warming up,1. as a young girl growing up in the 1930s, i always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. i got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. （2011年高考英语北京a篇） q: what h

2、appened to the author in 2011？ a. she flew an airplane. b. she entered a competition. c. she went on a hot air balloon ride. d. she moved into a retirement community.,_,he longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. he wants someone to get excited ab

3、out what hes doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. he wants to be more valuable for your paper. （2010年高考英语北京b篇） q: what does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks？ a. finding the news value of his stories. b. givi

4、ng him financial support. c. helping him to find issues. d. improving his good ideas.,_,_,she turned up at the doorstep of my house in cornwall. no way could i have sent her away. no way, not me anyway. maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “were moving house”; “no space fo

5、r her any more with the baby coming.” “we never really wanted her，but what could we have done？she was a present.” people find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. and she was one of the most beautiful dogs i had ever seen. q: how did the author feel about goldie when goldie came to the hou

6、se？ （2010年高考英语北京a篇） a. shocked. b. sympathetic. c. annoyed. d. upset.,_,_,_,_,_,_,step1: 阅读理解文章体裁分析,记叙文：往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。,描写文：通过细节的描写，以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。,说明文：多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、

7、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。,议论文：阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读议论文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握，主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章，对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。,step2: 阅

8、读理解命题方式,（一）细节理解题,1)which of the following is not true according to the information in the passage?(三正一误),2) the author mentions all of the following except . . . （三正一误）,3)which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?（三误一正）,4)the writer mentions all of the items listed below

9、except _.（三正一误）,5) which of the following is mentioned in the passage? （三误一正）,6) what is the example of . . . as described in the passage? （三误一正）,7) the reason for . . .is . . . （三误一正）,8) according to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . （三误一正）,9)from the passage we know that _.（三误一正）,1

10、0)in the passage, the author states that _.（三误一正）,当堂导练一：,q： which of the following is not true? a. luo lin is a native of shanghai. b. luo lin moved to hong kong with her parents. c. luo lin won the title of miss asia in 1991. d. asia tv station helped luo lin to become miss asia.,（二）主旨大意题,1）the gen

11、eral/main idea of the passage is about _ 2）which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）in this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）the passage is mostly about _ 5）the passage is mainly concerned about _,6）what is the main topic of the passage？ 7）what is the best title for t

12、he passage？ 8）the subject discussed in this text is _ . 9）the authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）the passage is meant to . 11）the purpose of this article is to ,解主题大意题时，可用以下方法：,1）认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。 2）文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。 3）文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。 例如：on the

13、whole , in short, therefore , i agree with the opinion that, given all these points above , i would support the idea that, for all the reasons mentioned above ,i would prefer 等后。,如何寻找主题句,sample 1 people have different tastes in food. some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak

14、 or other red meat. some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, french fries and a soft drin

15、k. 主题句在段首：一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,_,sample 2 some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic discussion type of class. no one teaching method can be devised to satisfy

16、all students at the same time. 主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,_,_,sample 3 nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. in fact, the modern flashlight brings li

17、ght to many dark situations. finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,_,_,（三）推理题,1) it can be inferred from the text that

18、_. 2) from the text we know that _. 3) the story implies that _. 4) the paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) the writers attitude toward.is _.,6)the author implied（suggested）that 7)it may be concluded from the passage that 8)which of the following statements does the passage s

19、upport？ 9)with which of the following does the author agree？,解推断题应注意：,(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； (2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 3. 解推断题的方法：根据词义关系推断具体细节。 “you mean there is no baby who is dying?”said de vincenzo. “thats right,” said the official. “thats the best good news ive heard all week.”said de vincenzo. q: i t can b

20、e inferred that what worried de vincenzo most was_. a.the poor woman b.the officials advice c.the winning check d.the babys life,sample 2 : q： the passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _. a. very clean b. just cleaned by the landlord c. tidy and comfortable d. dirty and

21、full of insects,（四）观点态度题,1)the author seems to think that _. 2)the writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 3)the author wants to appeal to _ . 4)the authors style is _ .,5)the authors tone would be best described as _ . 6)what is the authors opinion of _? 7)the writer believe that_? 8) in

22、the authors opinion_?,确定作者态度，可以有两种思路,1）问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度； 2）如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。 sample 1 : q： the passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _. a. very clean b. just cleaned by the landlord c. tidy and comfortable d. dirty an

23、d full of insects,（五）判断词义题,1）the underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）the word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）the underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 4）which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？,猜词方法:,1）根据常识、经验猜

24、生词 。例如： the old man put on his spectacles and began to read the door was so low that i hit the head on the lintel 2）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有： (1)根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 。例如： skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully the harbor is protected by a jettya w

25、all built out into the water,（glasses）,（过梁）,（略读）,（码头）,(2)利用事例或解释猜生词 。例如： the doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye (3)利用重复解释的信息猜生词 。例如： mr. smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late (4)根据同位关系进行判断： a),and other germanic and nordic peoples, who spoke what we now c

26、all anglo-saxon (or old english),a germanic language b）the chunnel，a tunnel connecting england and france，is now complete,（青光眼）,（准时的）,（盎格鲁撒克逊语）,（隧道）,3）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 a)one of the obstacles（障碍） to false reading is vocalizing saying the words to themselves in a low voice b)the early scientific study o

27、f chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in egypt in the first few centuries a.d 4）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择 文章中的代词 it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。,（发声）,（炼金术）,5) 根据转折或对比关系进行判断 根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分

28、号（;）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 he has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated 6) 根据因果关系进行判断 根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。 biggest power failure in the citys history all of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted,（恶化）,（融化）,原因,结果,7）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断 很多词可以加前缀和后缀，从而构成一个新词，掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出

29、它的词义。 market research shows that gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete 我们知道，prefer的意思是宁愿；愿意，根据上下文可以判断prefer的名词形式preference的含义应是偏爱；爱好。,偏爱；爱好,step3: 猜答案方法,1. 绝对词否决法, 答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气

30、词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。 a.she cant attend her nephews wedding party. b.she values the bowl from her mother a lot. c.she is living alone near an art gallery. d.she doesnt care about money any more.,2. 怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答

31、案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。 a. zoo elephants suffer less stress than those in the wild. b. elephants are quite easy to get obese. c. social lives are not important to elephant. d. zoo li

32、fe can be stressful to elephatn. 3. 关键词对应法：（等号前是文章中的点，等号后是选项中点） (abc=abc法; abc=abc法; abc=cba法; abcabd法),4. 选项的全面性判断法 较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。 a. to be more successful in his career b. to solve technical problems c. to be more specialized in his field d. to develop his professional skill,step4: 长

33、、难句分析法,sample: twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的台阶) out of four million students taking part in the fifth national hua luogeng gold cup mathematics contest on tuesday evening at jintan county, jiangsu province.,句子核心,how many？,the result？,doing what?,when?,where?,1. 翻译：四百多万参加“全国第五届华罗庚数学金杯赛”中的中学生里有二十个学生在星期二于江苏省金坛县登上了最高的台阶。 2. 找出谓语动词是抓住核心的关键 sometimes an animal has a plant partner. the relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. this is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. in their skins, corals