文献阅读与翻译课件

1、科技文献阅读与翻译,Scientific Literature Reading 2) the unit assignments 3) the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice.,4,学习交流PPT,Recommended/Optional Textbooks,1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000. 2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译) ，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002. 3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.,5,学习交流PPT,U

2、nit I General Description of Literature Reading and Translation,Topical Highlights Definition of Literature Classification of Literature Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature Special Attention: The Translation

3、of Documentation,6,学习交流PPT,Definition of Literature,A set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature),7,学习交流PPT,Classification of Literature,Textbooks Monographs Papers Encyclopedias Periodicals Spe

4、cial Documentation,8,学习交流PPT,Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature,Stylistically Grammatically Morphologically Non-verbal,9,学习交流PPT,Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature,1. Nature and Scope of Translation What is translation? Translation is the int

5、erpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the “source text”) and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the “target text”, or “translation”) that communicates the same message.,10,学习交流PPT,Eugene A. Nida(1914- ) 尤金 奈达,Translation consists in reproducing in the recepto

6、r language (接受语，译语） the closest natural equivalent of the source language（原语、源语）, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Dynamic-Equivalence Theory baptism of repentance,repent and be baptized,11,学习交流PPT,Alexander Fraser Tytler,A translation should give a complete transcript of th

7、e ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation (1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则 。,12

8、,学习交流PPT,2. Principles or Criteria of Translation,严复：信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 不爱红妆爱武装 face the powder and not to powder the face.,13,学习交流PPT,3. Literal Transl

9、ation and Free Translation,Literal Translation : phonetic, morphological, syntactic 武装到牙齿 armed to the teeth 象牙塔” ivory tower 趁热打铁 strike while the iron is hot 血浓于水 Blood is thicker than water 鳄鱼的眼泪 crocodiles tears,14,学习交流PPT,芳芳、白象 Fangfang white elephant,15,学习交流PPT,Free Translation as timid as a h

10、are 胆小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛 talk horse 吹牛 drink like a fish 牛饮,16,学习交流PPT,Adams apple At sixes and sevens It rains cats and dogs. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. Do you see any green in my eye?,17,学习交流PPT,“literal” doesnt mean “w

11、ord-for-word”,街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。 Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹 She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish 小鱼不吃大鱼 胳膊拧不过大腿,18,学习交流PPT,“free” doesnt mean “casual”,It is a truth universally acknowledge

12、d that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. Spring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. T. Nash 春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若,19,学习交流PPT,Literal Translation or Free Translation?,Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。 别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用

13、”的许可证。,20,学习交流PPT,What principles should a translator abide by in applying literal and free translation?,21,学习交流PPT,4. Translation Techniques,Diction (选词用字） Amplification（增益） Omission （省略） Repetition （重复） Conversion （转换） Rearrangement （词序调整） Negation（正说反译、反说正译） Division（长句拆译）,22,学习交流PPT,Special Atte

14、ntion: The Translation of Documentation,Treat the translation of each kind of documentary works discriminatingly. Standards Strict wording, stylistic formality Patent documents Stereotyped expression, formal patterns,23,学习交流PPT,Trademarks Novelty, uniqueness Copyright works Rigid grammar Legal docum

15、ents, contract, agreements Strict grammar, syntax,24,学习交流PPT,Proposals, reports The matter-of-fact attitude General knowledge and knowledge of the subject matter,25,学习交流PPT,Practice,26,学习交流PPT,It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishnes

16、s, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the

17、other.,27,学习交流PPT,A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, caress a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a goodbye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a moral

18、e, stop a worry and start a tradition.,28,学习交流PPT,As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets

19、of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all k

20、inds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.,29,学习交流PPT,As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the soc

21、ial progress of human race.,30,学习交流PPT,Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, t

22、hey have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.,31,学习交流PPT,32,学习交流PPT,Unit 2 Standards,33,学习交流PPT,Linguistic fea

23、tures of “standard”,1) Formatted Structure 2) Formal Wording 3) Legal Term “shall” 4) Frequent Use of Abbreviations 5) Mixed with Drawings and Tables,34,学习交流PPT,Standard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hard

24、ware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm caus

25、es compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intens

26、ive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of

27、 this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.,35,学习交流PPT,Reflections and Practice,1. Topics for group discussion 1) What does the passage tell us about? 2) What is the

28、 de facto standard setting? 2. Fill in each space with one proper word.,36,学习交流PPT,Standard, in relation computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in of two

29、 ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typi

30、fied by such products Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed stan

31、dards are later ratified or by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface,

32、and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.,37,学习交流PPT,Translation Skills,Diction 用字遣词 marital status; immigration status; cognitive status; social status Tension is building up. 形势紧张起来 张力在增大 电压在增加 压力在增强 ,38,学习交流PPT,Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word,1)

33、Deduction Stopout n. (U.S.) A student who interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period. 辍学学生 Challenge To question the lawfulness or rightness of (sth. Or sb.) 对表示怀疑，质疑； 对提出异议,39,学习交流PPT,2）Transplant Supermarket Microwave Splashdown 3) Extension Bottleneck It is more tha

34、n transient everydayness. 远非一时的柴米油盐问题。 日常状态-柴米油盐,40,学习交流PPT,4）Substitution To kill sb. as an example 杀一儆百 5） Explanation Mindlessness 思想上的浑浊状态 A throwaway society 一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会,41,学习交流PPT,6) Combination So subtle and careful an observer 一位如此精细的观察者 A grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节 7）Pictographic

35、 Translation H-beam 工字梁 O-ring 环形圈 U-steel 槽钢 V-belt 三角皮带,42,学习交流PPT,8）Transliteration Wall Street Pentium Clone,43,学习交流PPT,Translate the Passage,Standard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or softwar

36、e development. 对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。,44,学习交流PPT,Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes

37、so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.,从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。,45,学习交流PPT,This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such pro

38、ducts as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments.,这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBM

39、PCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。,46,学习交流PPT,The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the

40、market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.,随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，包括ASCII 字符集， RS-232-C 标准、SCSI 接

41、口，以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN 语言之类的ANSI- 标准编程语言。,47,学习交流PPT,Unit 3 Patents,48,学习交流PPT,49,学习交流PPT,Questions,1. What does this passage mainly talk about? 2. Why should patented articles be marked with patent number? 3. What does “patent pending” mean? 4. What can be found in an issued patent?,50,学习交流PPT,Translati

42、on Skill: Amplification,= addition A matter of principle: Add/subtract meaning,51,学习交流PPT,1. Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning,（1）Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。 （2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the gre

43、atest. 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。,52,学习交流PPT,2. Supplying necessary connectives,（1）Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热，就会气化。 （2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost. 尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。,53,学习交流PPT,3. Supplying words to convey the concept

44、of plural nouns,（1）Note that the words“velocity”and “speed”require explanation. 请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。 （2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。,54,学习交流PPT,4. Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,(1) Oxidation will make iron and steel ru

45、sty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 （2）This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。,55,学习交流PPT,5. Dictated by logic,(1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 （2）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely prop

46、ortional to its cross-section area. 这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。,56,学习交流PPT,6. Supplying words of generalization,(1) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。 （2）The principal functions that may be performed by vac

47、uum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection. 真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。,57,学习交流PPT,7. For purposes of rhetoric or coherence,(1) This computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这台电脑真是价廉物美。 （2）Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds. 太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生

48、了风。,58,学习交流PPT,8. Repetition,(1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。 （2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。,59,学习交流PPT,Amplification used in Chinese-English Translation,1. Adding necessary conn

49、ectives 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2. Adding necessary pronouns 交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.,60,学习交流PPT,

50、3. Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear 三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,61,学习交流PPT,Translation practice,62,学习交流PPT,1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplification,Histories

51、make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。,63,学习交流PPT,2. Put the following passage into Chinese,Our present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for compensating temper

52、ature-dependent frequency variations of an oscillator of the crystal-controlled type which generates a carrier for the translation of messages by frequency modulation. 本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息的。,64,学习交流PPT,3. Put the following passage into English,美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发

53、布的。1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿、陆军部长和司法总长。 In America, the first patents for inventions were issued in 1642 by the colonial governments. The first U.S. patent laws were enacted by Congress in 1790 under the authority of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution. The Pa

54、tent Act of 1790 was administered by a commission composed of the secretary of state, the secretary of war, and the attorney general of the U.S.,65,学习交流PPT,66,学习交流PPT,Unit 4 Trademarks,67,学习交流PPT,Trademarks originated from the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale under the preten

55、se that they are the goods of another person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have been counterfeited and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted

56、gold initials of L(ouis) V(uitton). The law recognizes trademarks as property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monopoly right in that it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way

57、 it protects other forms of private property. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition to its use that it be registered with the proper government agency. The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abando

58、ning the use of the trademark or by failing to renew registration. In countries where an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long as use has not been abandoned. Loss of a trademark right also occurs when it is transformed or when it degenerates into a household te

59、rm. This has happened with such well-known former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others.,68,学习交流PPT,Questions,1. What are the main points of this passage? 2. Why a trademark is needed? 3. In what cases, the trademark right is lost?,69,学习交流PPT,Trademarks originated _ the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale _ the pretense that they are the goods of another person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair compet