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山东轻工业学院中英文翻译院系名称 机械工程学院 学生姓名 高亮 专业班级 机械设计制造及其自动化08-2 指导教师 范维华 二一二年六月一日Farm Mechanization in Sri LankaM.W.N.DHARMAWARDENESri Lanka Sugarcane Research Institute, Sri LankaABSTRACT The mechanization of farm power is becoming extremely important day by day for the survival, efficiency of all field and plantation crops of the country. Sugarcane crop grown in the dry zone is no exception. In fact in these areas the available manpower is low due to low population densities and harsh climatic conditions and remoteness of locations from major cities. Furthermore, labourer manual work get easily tired while working in the dry zone compared to the hills due to higher temperatures, harder soils, insolation and dry desiccating winds. In addition, cane fields tend to have a high population of poisonous snakes, which also make worker to be careful and slow in the cane fields. Thus timely agricultural operations get neglected causing crop losses while labour wages keep rising day bydayespeciallyduring planting, weeding and harvesting/loading periods of sugarcane growing. Analysis of the cost components of sugarcane cultivation shows that harvesting of loading of cane comprise 35% of the costs followedbylandpreparation(21%), planting(16%),weeding(l0%),fertilizer application(10%) and irrigation(8%).It is evident that harvesting and loading of cane isthehighestcostcomponentinsugarcanecultivation,whileweeding,fertilizerapplication ,stubble shaving, earthing up, off baring in the ratoons are neglected by small land holder farmers as manual methods are labour intensive leading to considerable losses in crop production. Thus, small holder sugarcane farm mechanization to improve the productivity and ease strain on human labour has become crucial in order to improve sugarcane productivity in Sri Lanka. Some of the smallholder farm tools and implements developed by the Sugarcane Research Institute which can be powered by a two-wheeled tractor such as the SRI tyne cultivator, Fertilizer applicator, Disc ratooner, Furrow opener, and the new design sugarcane harvesting knife。Key words : Sugarcane, farm mechanizations,Sri LankaINTRODUCTION Sugarcane growing for vacuum pan sugar production in Sri Lanka is largely carried out by small holder farmers. The extents of these small farms range from one to five hectares. Except for the initial land preparation carried out using conventional farm machinery,the rest of the operations from planting to harvesting, employmanualmethods either using family labourorhired labour.Analysis of cost of production of sugarcane in these small holder farms in Sri Lanka shows that highest cost component is for sugarcane harvesting and loading followed by land preparation, planting, weeding, fertilizer application and irrigation.Most of these operations when carriedoutmanually are labour intensive, time consuming and tiresome field work under hot tropical conditions. As a result, these often get neglected due to unavailability of labour for such heavy manual works. Furthermore, small holder farmers find it difficult to complete a given task within a specified period of time which affects both the sugarcane yields and its quality . It is often observed that productivity of manual workers decrease quickly within a few hours of working in the hot tropical sun, who then resorts to taking short breaks for rest leading to disruption of work. Thus in manual cultivation of sugarcane, much of the recommended practices such as timely weeding, fertilizer application, off baring, on barring, cutting cane in plush with the ground at harvesting, stubble shaving etc are neglected leading to poor stand of both in plant and ratoon cane especially when hired labour is used. Much absenteeism among hired labour is common in highland cultivation of crops in the dry zone. It is also observed that much of the youth population in farming areas tend to shy away from suchtraditional agriculture leading to much of rural urban drift. Thus it is realized that productivity improvements and sustainability of small holder farms are heavily dependent on introduction of appropriate level of mechanization.The following levels of mechanization could be recognized in small holder sugarcane fanning system in Sri Lanka: (a) traditional hand tool technology (b) improved hand tool technology (c) animal draught technology (d) mechanical power technology at the level of single axle tractors(power tillers) (e) mechanical power technology at the level of four-wheel TractorsIn practice, different sources of power are used in different parts of sugarcane growing areas. Edaphic conditions such as heavy soils often limit the effectiveness of the above first three options.Although, the use of last option namely the four-wheel tractor in each of the above operationsimproves he productivity and timely operations of. the said cultivation practices, unavailability of four wheeled tractors at the disposal of small holder farmers, small size of the land holdings and unfamiliarity of the farmers with four wheeled tractors, and the escalating cost of hire makes it unsuitable as the principal source of farm power for the traditional small holder farmer in Sri Lanka.On the other hand most of the small holder farmers are either familiar or own a single axle tractor (5 to 7 HP) as it is commonly used in lowland paddy cultivation. Furthermore, repairs and other services required for those power tillers are freely available in those areas. However, in Sri Lanka, there were no matching implements for these power tillers which could be used in highland cultivation of sugarcane. Some of the implements that were developed by the Sri Lanka Sugarcane.Single axle Tractor Implements Developed by SRI Tyne CultivatorThis implement is a new design of an agricultural implement, as an attachment to a two wheeled tractor, to mechanize the cultural practice of inter row cultivation or weeding the sugarcane fields (Fig. 2). The implement will enable the small holder farmer to weed his/her sugarcane plot effectively within a short duration of time whenever it is required and convenient to him as he does not require additional hands to be hired for this purpose.Fig. 2. SRI Tyne cultivator(1. Main Frame; 2. Hitch Unit; 3 Shank; 4 Shoe; 5 Brace; 6 Bracket; 7 Bolt Holes; 8 Shoe Fixing Bolts)Inter row cultivation is one of the important cultural practices crucial to control weed populations in sugarcane plots especially when there are no inter crops. These have to be pulled out either manually or use chemical herbicides. This cultural practice reduces the competition between weeds and the sugarcane for nutrients, soil moisture and sunlight. Weeds are also known to harbour insect pests of sugarcane. In Sri Lanka, 10 -13% sugarcane crop losses due to weed competition is common but it may rise up to even 30% during rainy periods。Animal drawn implementsThe three tyne cultivator was developed by the SRI, having a design similar to that of the Indian make. The implement consists of a tool bar to accommodate three tines fixed to a wooden beam, which is tied to the animal hamess. However this has following limitations: i. Row spacing of 1.37m in sugarcane farming used at present tend to damage the crop as the animal moves up the inter row. ii. Scarcity of trained draft animalsPower tiller mounted rotovatorThe rotovator used for pulverizing paddy soils is also used for inter row cultivation by smallholder sugarcane farmers. Its disadvantages are i. It causes too much pulverization of the soil destroying the soil structure. ii. Costs of rotovator and its running costs are high. iii. Frequent replacements of cutting blades are required due to high wear and tear.Four wheeled tractor & implementsThe nine spring tyne cultivator with three middle tines removed is used for inter row cultivation in cane fields. However the implement and the four wheeled tractor are not generally available for small holders. The development of the SRI tyne cultivator which could be coupled to two wheel tractor as its prime mover has given the small holder farmer a cost effective method and has made him independent of hire manual labour as far as the inter row weeding operation is concerned. The implement shown in Fig 2 consists of(a) a frame, (b) a hitch unit and (c) five tynes with replaceable shoes.The main frame is trapezoidal in shape. It consists of three box section cross members for mounting of tines. All the three cross members are provided with a number of bolt holes to enable lateral spacing adjustments between tines. The hitch unit enables the implement to be attached to the two-wheeled tractor. Four bolts are provided in the coupling bracket, two for mounting purposes and the others for proper alignment. A brace is bolted between the hitch unit and the main frame. It has number of bolt holes for adjusting the mounting angle ofimplement to the power unit for easy handling and better performance of the cultivator. The implement has a number of tines with replaceable shoes of different shapes. Each tyne has a shank, replaceable shoe of different shape to suit different soil conditions and a bracket with two bolts. The lower end of the shank is curved and in the curved end, a bolt hole is provided for mounting the shoe. Replaceable shoe has a bolt to enable it to be attached to the lower end of the shank. The shoes can be of different shapes to suit different soils and their conditions. A bracket with bolts is provided for fixing the tyne to the box section of the frame. The implement has provisions for adjustments of lateral spacing between tines, by changing the position of the tines brackets and fixing them in the bolt holes provided in the box section of the frame. The ground clearance of the implement is adjustable by sliding the tyne in the bracket. The brace is provided with a number ofbolt holes for adjusting the mounting angle of the implement to the tractor. It has the following dimensions: 540ram lenth, 690 mm width, 540mm height and 24 kg wight.Field tests have shown that the implement satisfactorily uproots weeds and cultivate soil with a field capacity of 0.1 hectare per hour. Thus one-hectare sugarcane plot in of Reddish Brown Earths soils(Alfisols) in the dry zone of Sri Lanka could be completed within 10 hours thus it replaces 20- 25 labour units required for the same operation by one operator for driving the two wheel tractor. It is cheaper by 42% to use the tyne cultivator than use manual labour for sugarcane weeding in the inter row. In addition to its cheapness, giving freedom to farmer to operate at his will, it cultivates soil increasing soil aeration and increasing macro porosity of the soil facilitating entry of rain water into soil which is crucial to rainfed fanning. Decrease in bulk density increases the rooting of sugarcane. It can also be used as a secondary tillage implement for harrowing of ploughed land. It is well adapted for field crops making it popular among farmers. Currently one unit is priced at US$ I00.Fertiliser ApplicatorThis implement is used to place and cover the fertilizer on eitherside of the cane row thus off barring and subsequent fertiliser application in sugarcane ratoons is carried in one operation. The prime mover of the implement is a 7.5 horsepower two-wheeled tractor commonly available with farmers (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. The fertiliser applicator developed by the SRI (1. Hitch Unit; 2. Braces; 3. Main Frame; Sprocket wheel & chain; 5. Front Axle; 6. Sub-frame; 7. Bracket; 8. Tine; 9. Fertilizer bin; 10. Rear Axle; 11. Adjustable opening; 12. Fertilizer chute; 13. Fertilizer tube; 14. Covering mechanism)In sugarcane farming fertiliser is applied three times in irrigated crops and twice in rainfed crops. For best results fertiliser should be applied to the root zone and then covered to reduce losses. Usually farmers use mammoty to open up a furrow on either side or one side of the cane row to apply fertiliser and cover up the same manually. which is an unsatisfactory practice. The other operation, referred to as off barring is used in ratoon cane to remove old roots by cutting them off before applying fertiliser.However, due to scarcity of labour and the high costs involved, these operations are neglected leading to poor crop and lodging of cane caused by shallow rooting. Apart from the use of mammoty, animal drawn mould board plough (country plough) is also used to make a shallow furrow by the side of cane row. However, this is not satisfactory as it neither breaks old roots in ratoons nor make a sufficiently deep fuffow to hold the fertiliser.The other option available for this purpose in Sri Lanka is the Australian design four-wheel tractor mounted disc ratooner available for off- barring. The implement consists of a tool bar and two disc units. Each disc unit consists of three concave discs mounted on a single axle. The horizontal and vertical adjustments of the disc units provide the required depth and width of cutting and inversion of soil. it is a satisfactory implement。It consists of a(a) frame,(b) fertiliser applicator mechancism,(c) two tines,(d) two soil-covering devices.The main frame is a truncated isosceles triangle made of mild steel angle iron. The truncated end of the triangle carries a hitch unit, which enables the implement to be attached to the two-wheel tractor. Two bolts are provided in the hitch for mounting the implement. Two parallel braces are provided between the hitch and the box beam for fixing the mixing mechanism and to ensure rigidity of the frame. The side beams of the frame are extended for mounting the fertiliser box and the mixing mechanism.Fertiliser bin has two adjustable openings and chutes, two fertiliser tubes and two mixers and their driving gear. The bin is the container for fertilizer. It has an inverted truncated prism shape. The lower part of the bin is segmented into two parts. Each part is provided with an opening and a sliding door to enable flow of fertiliser to be regulated. A conical fertiliser chute is fitted at the door to guide the flow of fertiliser. The two flexible tubes fitted to the chutes release the fertiliser to the two furrows opened by the tines. The mixing mechanism consists of two mixers, four sprocket wheels, two chains and two axles. The two mixers are provided at the bottom of the fertiliser bin to ensure continuous mixing of fertiliser. They are fitted to one axle and are driven by the main drive of the tractor through sprockets and chains. Mixers are driven by four sprocket wheels, one large and three smaller, two chains and two axles. The second and the third sprockets are fitted to an axle at the middle of the frame. The fourth sprocket is fitted to the axle with mixers. Mixing mechanism is driven by the main drive of the tractor through sprocket wheels and chains. The mixer drive continuously mixes the fertiliser for ensuring the continuous discharge at the required rate.The implement has two tines with replaceable shoes. It has a shank, replaceable shoe and a bracket with four bolts. The lower end of the shank is curved and in the curved end three bolt holes are provided for mounting the shoe. Working angle of the tines could be adjusted by changing the position of the fixing bolts of the tines. A conical end is welded just above the curvature of the shank to direct the fertiliser coming through fertiliser tubes to the point of application. Fertiliser coveting mechanism is also attached to the lower end of the shank.The covering mechanism is used to cover the fertiliser released into the furrow with loose soil thrown up by the tines. The implement can he adjusted for lateral spacing between the tines, angle of tines, and rate of fertiliser discharge. The latter is achieved by adjusting the sliding door to obtain the required discharge of fertiliser.The dimensions of the implement are: length- 750mm, width- 900mm, height- 700mm and weight- 45 kg. In sugarcane cultivation, the unproductive roots of the plant crop carried over to ratoons in the soil have to be shaved offto stimulate new roots. In earthing up or on baring soil is heaped around the two sides of the cane row, which prevents late tillering, reduces lodging and cover up the applied fertiliser reducing losses. The farmers due to scarcity of labour and high costs often neglect these.These generally carried out by small holders using mammoty. This requires 28- 30 labour units per hectare. Animal drawn mould board plough is also used but shallow furrow and the amount of soils inverted are not adequate for the purpose. The Australian design of four wheel tractor mounted disc ratooner having a tool bar and two discs gives a satisfactory performance。Fig. 4. Disc Ratooner1. Bracket; 2. Frame; 3. Disc Connector; 4. Disc; 5. Hitch unit; 6. Hinge Arrangement; 7. Bearing UnitThe disc ratooner invented by the SRI is shown in Fig 4 has a triangular steel frame and two disc units. A 7.5 horsepower two-wheeled tractor powers it. The frame is a truncated isosceles triangle made of rolled iron. The truncated end of the triangle carries a hitch point, which enables the implement to be attached to the two-wheel tractor. The three bolt holes are provided in the hitch, one for mounting purposes and the others for proper alignment. Each Disc unit has a mild steel shaft with a bracket for mounting to the frame, alloy steel serrated concave disc, a bearing unit with two bearings for mounting disc on the shaft and a hinge arrangement. The implement has horizontal spacing adjustment to adjust the spacing between discs; vertical height adjustment enabling the adjustment of the distance between the discs and the frame,disc angle can be adjusted by rotating the shaft carrying the disc unit and the tilt angle by adjusting the hinge arrangement. It has the following dimensions: 660mm length, 1050 mm width, 640 mm height and 45kg weight.Field tests show adjusting the horizontal and verticalangles of the discs and thus enabling it to cut and invert the required amount of soil in the desired way could control the amount of cut and inversion.It has a capacity of 0.07 ha per hour.Normally manual earthing up requires about 30 labour units per hectare and it is strenuous than most of the other cultural operations described earlier.Furrow OpenerFurrow opening after ploughing and harrowing of sugar cane fields is an essential operation for planting of sugarcane setts. No suitable furrow opener for two-wheel tractor for seedbed preparation is available.The implement designed by SRI has a frame, furrow bottom and two markers. The steel frame is triangular in shape and made of rolled angle iron. The front end of the frame carries a hitch unit by which the implement is attached to the tractor. Four bolt holes are provided in the hitch unit, two for mounting and the others for alignment purposes. The two adjustable markers with pointed arrows are provided for maintaining the spacing during the opening of furrows. The furrow bottom consists of a steel shank which is curved towards the front at the lower end, The implement has provision to adjust the angle of furrow bottom, which improves the performance and handling. REFERENCESDharmawardene, M.W.N (2003). A Collection of Essays on Sugar Sector of Sri Lanka. Dharmawardene, M.W.N. and Krishnamurthi, M (1992). An Outline Plan for the Development of the Sugar Industry of Sri Lanka. Witharama, W.R.G. (1999). Annual Agronomy Progress Report。斯里兰卡的农业机械化M.W.N.DHARMAWARDENE斯里南卡甘蔗研究所，斯里南卡摘要目前，农业生产机械化对于生存变得越来越重要， 影响国家所有种植作物的效率。即使对于生长在在干旱地区的甘蔗也没有例外。 实际上由于恶劣的气侯条件以及远离主要城市，因此在这些地区人口密度低，可利用的劳动力少。 因而劳工缺乏是在手工工作的甘蔗区域。 此外，由于温度高气候干燥、土壤坚硬、以及干风，劳动者容易疲倦。另外，工作的地方有大量的毒蛇，也使在这些地区工作的人们担心害怕。 因而，当工资一天天的上涨时，种植，除草以及收获装载这些工作往往做不好，从而导致农业损失。 通过对甘蔗耕种费用的分析表明， 运输费用（35%）以及准备费(21%)，种植(16%)，除草(l0%)，肥料(10%)和灌溉(8%)。显然在甘蔗生产过程中收获和装载的费用是最高的，而除草，施肥，发茬，接地，这些手工操作的劳动强度是很高的，小土地农场主往往忽略这些损失。 因此，应用小型农业机械来提高甘蔗生产率以及减轻劳动者的体力劳动变得很关键，目的是为了提高斯里南卡的甘蔗生产。某些小型的农田工具和器械已经应用在甘蔗生产上，例如由双轮拖拉机供给动力的SRI泰恩河耕地机、施肥器、旋耕器、犁沟器和新设计的甘蔗收获刀。 关键词： 甘蔗，农业机械化，斯里南卡介绍在斯里南卡农民将收获的甘蔗大量用于制糖， 这些小农场的范围从一公顷到五公顷不等。 除了使用常规农业机械进行的最初土地准备外，其余的操作例如从种植的到收获，都是使用手工方法，自己做或聘用劳工。对斯里南卡的这些小农场主生产甘蔗的成本分析来看，甘蔗的收获和装载 运输，种植，除草，施肥和灌溉占了大多数的开销，大多数劳动都是高强度的，既耗费时间又要忍受热带地区炎热的天气， 结果，这些繁重的工作人们大多不喜欢做。 因此，农民发现在一个特定的时期难以完成特定任务，从而影响甘蔗的产量的质量。经常注意到在这种热带地区的阳光炙烤下劳动者的体力在几小时内之内迅速下降，从而往往要停下休息而导致工作中断。因而，在甘蔗的手工耕种时，许多工作例如实时性除草，施肥，收获，很难雇佣到劳动力。在干燥的高海拔地区耕种找不到足够劳动力是很正常的。 也注意到许多农业地区的青年人口倾向于远离传统的农村而到遥远的都市漂泊。因而你会注意到小农场主将会大量依靠机械化从而提高生产力。在斯里兰卡在甘蔗的生产过程中由传统到机械化是由以下发展的： (a)传统手工工具 (b)被改进的手工工具 (c)利用牲畜 (d)以独轮车为代表的机械化(翻土机) (e)以四轮拖拉机为代表的机械化实际上，不同的工具用于甘蔗种植的不同区域。土壤的条件例如贫瘠的土壤经常限制上面前三个选择的有效率。虽然，使用上面的最后一个选择即用四轮拖拉机进行耕种可以用于改进生产力。即用四轮拖拉机来进行耕种实践，由农民支配机械运行，不过由于土地较少，以及对四轮拖拉机的不熟悉和较高的使用费用使它看起来不太适合这些斯里兰卡的已经习惯传统耕种的农民。 另一方面，大多数农民自己或是邻居都拥有一台熟悉的翻土机 (5到7 HP)，因为它们常用在低洼地区的水稻作业。 此外，对于那些翻土机而言，在那些区域进行必需的修理和其他服务是免费的。 然而，在斯里南卡，没有一种和这相似的机械可适用于较高海拔地区的甘蔗耕种。因此斯里南卡甘蔗研究所(SRI)研制了一些器械。SRI开发的由独轮拖拉机牵引的耕地机这是个新设计的农业器具，它作为附件被固定到二轮拖拉机上，进行机械化的耕种操作或者进行除草(图2)。这个器具将帮助农民短时间内可以有效的对他/她的甘蔗地进行除草，不论何时都可以很方便的使用，并且不再需要雇佣别人来进行操作。图2.SRI耕地机(1.主要框架; 2.螺栓; 3支架; 4开沟齿; 5;支撑杆； 6托架; 7螺栓孔; 8定向螺栓)在甘蔗种植时控制地里的杂草是非常关键的一部操作，尤其是地里没有庄稼时。 以前这些工作必须由手工或农药来去除。 这样做会减少杂草与甘蔗之间对营养，土壤，湿气和阳光的竞争。 另外杂草也容易滋生损害甘蔗的虫害。 在斯里南卡， 10 -13%甘蔗庄稼的减产是由于和杂草之间的普遍竞争，在多雨期间这种比例会上升到30%。使用牲畜由SRI开发的耕地机和印地安人设计的事物有些相似，大体是将三个尖叉固定在一个木粱上，然后由牲畜牵引。然而这有其局限性： i.甘蔗间的行间距是1.37m，当动物平行走时易损坏庄稼，。 ii.缺乏可用于耕作的牲畜。需供给动力的翻土机这种翻土机也同样适合在甘蔗平行种植的地里工作，由农民来控制。 它的缺点是 i. 它会毁坏土壤结构。 ii.它的运行费用高。 iii.切刃要频繁替换并且磨损快。四轮拖拉机的应用中间有三个尖叉的泰恩河耕地机在甘蔗平行种植的区域作业，然而耕地机和四轮拖拉机对于小农场主来说通常是不可行的。SRI开发的耕地机也许要改进为两个轮的才能让农民更高效的使用它，在甘蔗平行种植的地里独立操作。器械的结构如2所示包括(a)框架，(b)一个支架，(c)可替换工作齿。主要的框架是一个梯形的形状。 它包括能安装三根尖叉的平行横梁。 所有三根横梁都带有一定数量的螺栓孔能调整尖叉之间的侧向间距。两个螺栓孔连接双轮拖拉机。四个螺栓联结托架，其中二个的目的是固定，其他的是为了恰当的校准。横杠被螺栓固定在主框架之间。 它可以通过调节螺栓孔来调整支撑架的角度直到耕地机能够并且较好的工作为止。 耕地机上的这些开沟器可以替换为不同的形状。 每个支柱上有个固定件，可以将工作齿替换为不同形状以适合不同的土壤条件。支柱的末端弯曲，并且在弯曲的末端，由一个螺栓
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