2. Sentence_Structure

1、Lecture 1Sentence Structure,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,2,1.2.2. Transformation and expansion,2. Two ways of sentence analysis,1. Subject and predicate,1.2.1. Five basic clause types,Contents,1.2 Clause Types and transformation,1.1 Clause Element,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,3,1.1 Clause elements,S

2、tructurally:,A simple sentence or rather a clause is:,a sequence of phrases.,a construction of “subjectpredicate”,Logically:,The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs.,NP VP NP,( Predicate Verb),Independent Clause (Sentence),(Predicate),(Subject),( Object),For example:,Lecture 2 Sen

3、tence Structure,4,1.1.1 Subject and Predicate,A full clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs.,NP,VP,NP,Subject,Predicate,Clause/Sentence,It is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the

4、 sentence is about. It is called “Known Information”, generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of a noun phrase.,It says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader. It generally consists of a verb phra

5、se with or without a complementation,More examples on Page 15,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,5,The analysis and deconstruction of a sentence is a vital skill in understanding language. Sentence analysis is not always easy but it is an essential tool in understanding how language works. Sentences can b

6、e analyzed in two ways.,All the men have done their best this year.,Try to analyze the following sentence.,1.1.2 Two ways of sentence analysis,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,6,All the men have done their best this year.,NP Subject,VP Predicate verb,NP Object,NP Adverbial,Clause Sentence,These four ele

7、ments together with the subject make the five clause elements of traditional grammar.,One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,7,Another way is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication.,All t

8、he men have done their best this year.,Predication,Operator,Predicate,Subject,Clause Sentence,The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase. The predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial.,Lecture 2 Sentence S

9、tructure,8,1.Joshua quickly finished his homework and went out to play. A. Object: B. Adverbial: 2. What is the most expensive meal listed on the menu? A. Subject:B. Complement:,(the most expensive meal listed on the menu),( What ),Exercise 1A: (Page 18),(his homework),his homework,( to play ),to pl

10、ay,What,the most expensive meal listed on,the menu,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,9,1.2 Basic Clause types and transformation,English clauses can be classified into five or seven basic types. Verbs are of crucial importance to the construction of the sentence. Innumerable sentences are structured on t

11、he basis of these clause types, determined by the main verbs used in the sentences. Main verbs refer to the following three types of verbs.,1) Linking verbs,2) Intransitive verbs,3) Transitive verbs,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,10,1,1.2.1 Five basic clause types,A linking verb (copula) is a word use

12、d to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), which shows:,linking verbs,SVC,a) a remaining state:,b) a changing state:,c) a feeling or sensing:,be, remain, keep, appear, stay,fall, get, turn, grow, prove, come, go,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, seem,She is in good h

13、ealth. All of us must remain modest and prudent. Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman. Bob seems (to be) quite happy. Your proposal sounds quite feasible.,(More examples on p20.),(Subject + Linking Verb + Complement),Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,11,2,SV(A),intransitive verb:,An intrans

14、itive verb does not take an object, but an adverbial is sometimes required for the completion of a sentence.,The guests have arrived. I live in Beijing. (adverbial not to be ignored.) They stayed in a hotel. (not ignored.) The train leaves at six. (not ignored.) He will be flying to Shanghai. (not i

15、gnored.) Horses run (on the ground) and birds fly (in the sky).,The construction of “There be + NP + Adverbial” is considered to be the “SV(A) type,(Subject + Intransitive Verb ),Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,12,3,In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a subject and one or more obj

16、ects. Verbs that require a single object are called monotransitive verbs, e.g.;,SVO(A),transitive verb:,I want a return ticket. The train is building up the speed. I put the material evidence in front of him. (The adverbial is necessary in this clause.),Read more examples on Page 21.,(Subject + Tran

17、sitive Verb + Object ,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,13,something.,somebody.,Those transitive verbs that are able to take both a direct object and an indirect object are called ditransitive verbs.,4,SVOO,transitive verb:,ask bring buy give lend make sing send show tell write,Examples: She told me a li

18、e. (She told a lie to me.) I sent him a telegram last week. Mary lent me her car the other day. David showed me the way to the college. Someone left you this note. I made myself a cup of tea.,(Subject + Vt + indirect object + direct object,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,14,SVOC,transitive verb:,Verbs

19、that must be followed by an “object + complement” are called complex transitive verbs.,appoint call elect make name pronounce paint,They made him monitor last year. They elected him president. He pronounced himself in favor of the plan. They painted the wall creamy white. The director appointed him

20、sale manager. The mother calls the boy “Dabao”.,Examples:,5,(Subject + Vt + Object + Complement),Exercise 1A on page 18,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,15,1.2.2 Transformation and expansion of basic clause types,1. Transformation:,The basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the

21、active voice. So transformation can be made:,1 By means of different structures: 2 By means of equivalent words or phrases:,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,16,affirmative statement negative declarative statement interrogative active voice passive voice simple sentence compound sentence simple sentence

22、complex sentence,1 By means of different structures:,Basic clauses can be made into different types by means of different structures as below:,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,17,2 By means of equivalent words or phrases:,1. He knows English very well.,He has a good command (knowledge) of English. He do

23、es well in English.,2. He is very interested in collecting stamps.,He takes (shows) a great interest in collecting stamps.,3. Mrs. Brown lives in a small flat with three girl students.,Mrs. Brown shares a small flat with three girl students.,In order to express the similar idea of a statement, we ca

24、n use equivalent words or phrases, e.g.;,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,18,Simple clauses can be expanded into large grammatical units to express rather complicated ideas.,2. Expansion:,a) By means of adding “modifiers” and dependent clauses,The African people have ( ) been our ( ) friends ( ). (2) Th

25、e janitor staggered down the stairways, stunned by the bizarre noise (he had just heard upstairs) and gasping for air (as he hesitantly held on to the banister).,long,close,in fighting against hegemonism,and power politics,Lecture 2 Sentence Structure,19,Jim stood in front of the mirror. He looked at his image. He wondered at the big change. It had come over him in recent