英语诗歌欣赏知识(详细)

1、英语诗歌欣赏 Evaluation and Appreciation of English Poetry,“The literature that is written in some kind of verse form. -a readers definition,“the best words in the best order.” -Samuel Taylor Coleridge,“not the assertion that something is true, but the making of that truth more fully real to us.” -T.S. El

2、iot,Literature that is not prose,1.a musical effect created by rhythm and sounds 2.a precise and fresh imagery 3.multiple levels of interpretation by the connotation of closer words and by allusions,.The Musical Effect of Poetry,Poetry has its roots in song. epics, ballads, traveling bards, minstrel

3、s,Musical effects are mainly created by rhythm.,Foot-a group of syllables forming a metrical unit, a unit of rhythm. Meter-the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables used in poem.,伐木丁丁，鸟鸣嘤嘤。 四言诗,欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 五言诗,春风又绿江南岸。 七言诗,monometer（单音步) pentameter（五音步） dimeter （双音步） hexameter （六音步） trimeter

4、（三音步） heptameter （七音步） tetrameter （四音步） octameter （八音步）,雪压冬云白絮飞 1 2 3 4 tetrameter,Twinkle twinkle little star tetrameter,阴平、阳平、 上声、去声 平 仄,老夫喜作黄昏颂，满目青山夕照明。 仄平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。,平仄互协 “音乐的和有趣的思想结合” 爱伦坡,“欲调曼声，必谐三声“（平、上、去）,高低疾徐抑扬顿挫 汉语四声调的特色,阴平声轻，阳平声重，上声后而举，去声清而远,stressed-accent 重音扬 unstressed-unaccented 轻音抑

5、 five metric patterns （音律）,1Iambic 抑扬格 : control 2Trochaic 扬抑格 : tiger 3Anapestic 抑抑扬格 : contradict 4Dactylic 扬抑抑格 : foolishness 5Spondaic 扬扬格 : moonstone, lThe sky is high, the clouds are pale. -iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格, l Double double toil and trouble Fire burn and cauldron bubble -Shakespeare Its

6、 trochaic tetrameter. (四步扬抑格),lLike a child from the womb Like a ghost from the tomb I arise and inbuilt it again. -Shelley -Anapestic tetrameter and trimeter, l Id a dream to-night, As I feel asleep -anapestic and iambic dimeter,Elegy written in a Country Churchyard -Thomas Gray,The curfew tolls th

7、e knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowing oer the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and me., The cur few tolls the knell of par ting day , The low ing herd wind slow ing oer the lea , The plow man homeward plodshis weary way , And leaves the w

8、orld to dark ness and me ., There was a young la dy of Ni ger Who smiled as she rode on a ti ger They returned from the ride , With the la dy in side And the smile on the face of the ti ger,A poem for appreciation-good and harmonious combination of rhythm and rhyme.,My Hearts in the Highlands. -Robe

9、rt Burns,My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here, My hearts in the Highlands a-chasing the dear, A-chasing the wild deer and following the roe- My hearts in the Highlands, wherever I go?, Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, The birthplace of valor, the country of worth, Wherev

10、er I wonder, wherever I rove, The hills of Highlands for ever I love., Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow, Farewell to the straths and green valleys below, Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods, Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods.,* Rhyme (rime),大江歌罢掉头东 dong a 邃密

11、群科济世穷 qiong a rime together 面壁十年图破壁, bi b 难酬滔海亦英雄. xiong a ,A book of verse underneath the bough, A jug of wine, a loaf of bread - and thou, Beside me singing in the wilderness, O, wildness were paradise enow.,The first, second and fourth line rime together.,From Omar Kheyyan-by Edward Fitzgerald鲁拜集

12、,美酒佐干粮， 树荫诵诗章， 君喉歌宛转， 荒漠即天堂。 郭沫若（译）,Types of Rhyme,1.1. End rhyme（尾韵）- rhyme established at the end of verse line. 2. Internal rhyme （中间韵）- rhyme contained within a line of verse.,Spring -Thomas Nash,Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in rin

13、g Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing. Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,The palm and may make country houses gay Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear ay birds tune this merry lay Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,The fields breathe sweet, The daisies kiss

14、our feet; Young lovers meet, Old wives a-sunning sit; In every street these tunes our ears do greet Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! Spring! the sweet spring:,The first stanza: spring-thing-sting king-ring-sing,The second stanza: may-play-ay gay-day-lay,The third stanza: Sweet-meet-street Feet-

15、sit-great,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,3. Slant rhyme- an inexact rhyme where the final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different.,near rhyme, half-rhyme, partial rhyme.,And by his smile, I know that sullen hall, By his dead smile, I know we stood in hell.,1.4. Eye rh

16、yme- the rhyming of two words which look as if theyd rhyme, but do not.,e.g. move - love,1) One syllable rhyme （押单韵）or single rhyme -usually called as masculine rime, male rime.,2) Double rhyme （押双韵）-rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyme words match. The first syllable carries the st

17、ress. Lightness,elegance feminine, female rhyme e.g: motion-ocean waken-forsaken audition-rendition,3) Triple rhyme （三重韵） e.g: glorious-victorious,* Other musical devices - the use of sounds,1. Alliteration 首字韵 - repetition of two or more initial consonants sounds in words within a verse line.,e.g:

18、When fortitude has lost its fire, And freezes into fear.,Itylus -Swinburne,Swallow, my sister, o, sister, swallow, Why wilt thou fly after spring to the South, The soft south wither thine heart is set.,bag and baggage Might and main hale and hearty Time and tide wait for no man thick and thin fit as

19、 a fiddle a pig in a poke,12. Onomatopoeia 拟声词- the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning or which imitates the sound made by an object or creature.,e.g: cuckoo, jug-jug.,3. Assonance 半谐词 - the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line,e.g: lake-fate feed-needs mate-shape,4. Cons

20、onants 押辅音- the repetition of two or more consonants sounds within a line.,e.g: The splendor falls on castle walls.,Homework: The Tyger -William Blake,Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the Night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry?,In what distant deeps or skies B

21、urnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire?,And what shoulder, and what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? and what dread feet?,What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain?

22、What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?,When the stars threw down their spears And watered heaven with their tears. Did he who made the lamb make thee?,Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night. What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?,Whats t

23、he Tyger standing for? What does it symbolize for ? God B. the natures power C. the people D. revolution, Rhythm,Foot or meter :mostly 3 feet in one line- trimeter Metric pattern :mostly trochaic, Tyger ! Tyger ! burning bright, In the forests of the night , What im mortal hand or eye Could frame th

24、y fearfulsymmetry ?,Trochaic trimeter ending with an extra accented syllable, Rhyme,Every two lines have the same rime, this is called rhyme in couple.,An accented one syllable Single rhyme-masculine rhyme Strong and powerful,Trochaic pattern - a strong rhyme,Short sentences Less feet -add the stren

25、gth to the poem,So, Blake purposely uses the devices of rhythm and rhyme: male rhyme, less feet, and short metric pattern. All add more effect to the poem and give the readers a strong impression.,Other music devices,1.1. Alliteration - creating the powerfulness of the “Tyger”. Burning bright, dista

26、nt deeps, began to beat, dare its deadly terror clasp,2. Repetition,lPerfect repetition of the first stanza at the end of the poem. lThe frequent use of the word “dread” repeatedly reminds the reader that the Tyger is to be feared. The pattern of the questions are insistently repeated.,What dread ha

27、nd? And what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain? What the anvil? What dread grasp ?,To strengthen the music effect of the poem and powerfulness of the Tyger.,Conclusion,All the devices mentioned above in this poem strongly support the suggestion that Blake intended in it. (the poem),Blake,

28、in fact, is pondering the nature of the God. Is this God cruel or gentle? He does not answer it directly, he raised so many questions for readers to think about. But by reading and analyze the poem, we come to know about that whatever the Tyger is, it is a powerful and fearless creator.,. Forms of P

29、oetry 英诗的形式,Simplicity to variety The forms of English poetry are decided by the verse lines in each stanza, or one stanza.,1. Couplet 双行诗 Two lines, the same rhyme,One prospect lost another still we gain, And not a vanity is givn in vain.,3.三行体,A. triplet,The Poetry of Dress - R. Herrick,Where is s

30、ilk my Julia goes Then, then how sweetly flows a ou That liquefaction of her clothes,Next, when I cast mine eyes and see That brave vibration each way free b i: O how that glittering taketh me,B. terza rima （意大利三韵句）,The rime scheme of this kind: aba bcb, cdc, ded, Theres a palace in Florence, the wo

31、rld knows well.a And a statue watches it from the square.b And this story of both do our townmen tell.a,Ages ago, a lady there.b At the farther window facing the eastc Asked, who rides by with the royal air?b,3. Quatrain （四行体诗）,A. One stanza quatrain,The Rain - R. L. Stevenson,The rain is raining al

32、l round,.a It falls on fields and tree,.b It rains on the umbrellas here, .c And on the ships at seab,B. More stanza quatrain,Freedom and Love - T. Campbell,How delicious is the winning of a kiss at loves beginning when two mutual hearts are sighing For the knot theres no untying,Yet remember, midst

33、 your wooing love has bliss, but love has ruining Other smiles may make you fickle Tears for other charm may trickle,My Love Is Like a Red, Red Rose - Robert Burns,O, my Luves like a red. red rose, Thats newly sprung in June; O, my Luves like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune.,As fair art thou

34、, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry.,Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun: And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run.,And fare thee weel, my only love, And fare thee weel a while

35、! And I will come again, my luve, Though it were ten thousand mile.,C. Ballad Stanza （民谣四行诗）,Sir Patrick Spens - an old Scotland ballad,The firstline that sir Patrick read A loud laugh laughed he; The heist line that sir Patrick read The tear blinded his ee,They hadnt saild a league, a league A leag

36、ue but barely three when the lift grew dark, and the wind blew land a gurly grew the sea,4. Five line stanza （五行诗体）,To A Skylark - P.B. Shelley,hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert, That from heaver, or near it, Bourest they full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.,Higher st

37、ill and higher, From the earth thou springest like a cloud of Fire; The blue deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.,5. Six line stanza （六行诗体）,The Moon - Shelley,And like a dying lady lean and pale who totters forth, wrappd in a gauzy veil Out of her chamber, led by

38、 the insane And feeble wandeings of her fading brain The moon arose up in the murky east A white and shapeless mass,6. Seven line stanza （七行诗体）,Pentameter Iambic, ababbcc,Rape of Lucrece - Shakespeare,When they had sworn to this advised doom They did conclude to bear dead lucrece thence To show her

39、bleeding body through Rome And so to publish Tarquins fon offence which being done with speedy diligence The Romans plansibly did give consent To Tarquins everlasting banishment,7. Eight line stanza（八行诗体）,A. Ottava Rima Pentameter iambic, abababcc,Don Juan - Byron,Juan and haidee gazed upon each oth

40、er with swimming looks of speechless tenderness which mixed all feeling, friends, child, lover, brother All that the best can mingle and express And love too much, and yet cannot love less But almost santify the sweet excess By the immortal wish and power to bless,B. Triolet （法国体八行诗） Only two rime:

41、ABaAabaA,A Kiss - Austin Dobson,Rose kissed me today, Will she kiss me tomorrow, let it be as it may, Rose kissed me today.,Rose kissed me today, Will she kiss me tomorrow, let it be as it may, Rose kissed me today.,8. Nine line stanza （九行诗体） Spenser- Spenserian Stanza ababbcbcc,Faerie Queene - Spen

42、ser (略),9. Ten line stanza （十行诗体）,Ode to the Nightingale - J. Keats,My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and I Lethe-wards had sunk: Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happ

43、y in thine happiness,- That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees, In some melodious plot Of beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease.,10. Sonnet （十四行诗）,A. love sonnet the octave - the first 8 lines: abba, abba the sestet - the last 6 lines: cde, cde, cdc, dcd,O

44、n His Blindness - John Milton,When I consider how my light is spent Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, And that one talent which is death to hide Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent,To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest He returning chide,- Doth God

45、exact day-labour, light denied? I fondly ask:- But Patience, to prevent,That murmur, soon replies; god doth not need Either mans work, or His own gifts: who best Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best: his state,Is kingly;thousands at his bidding speed And post oer land ocean without rest;- They al

46、so serve who only stand wait.,B. Shakespearean Sonnet Rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg,A Sonnet by Shakespeare,That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang In

47、 me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, Which by-and-by black night doth take away Deaths second self that seals up all in rest,In me thou seest the glowing of such fire That on the ashes of his youth dorth lie As the deathbed whereon it must expire Consumed with

48、that which it was nourished by This thou perceivst, which makes thy love more strong To love that well which thou must leave ere long.,Wordsworth （华兹华斯） Shakespeare unlocked his heart a glow-worm lamp It cheered mild Spenser, called from fairy-land To struggle through dark ways and when a damp Fell

49、round the path of Milton, in his hand The Thing become a trumpet, whence he blew Soul-animating strains-alas, too few!,. Imagery Imagery-is t he use o f descriptive lang uage to recreate sensory experiences. An image is a verbal picture of an object, action, abstract idea, or sensation. Images often

50、 are created by using figures of speech.,1 1. Metaphor -A comparison of unlike items, the comparison is directly stated.,e.g. All the world is a stage.,1.2. Simile - the direct comparison of two unlike items, using the words “like” or “as” to complete it.,e.g. Helen, thy beauty is to me like those N

51、icear barks of yore - Allan Poe “ To Helen”,1.3. Personification - the figure of speech which assigns human qualities to inanimate objects or abstractions.,e.g. Because I could not stop for death He kindly stopped for me. -Emily Dickinson,The Moon doth with delight look round her when the heavens ar

52、e bare. -William Wordsworth,4. Metonymy - literally “a change of name”, a figure of speech in which the name of some object or idea is substituted for another name to which it has some relation.,e.g. When I consider how my light is spent. - John Milton,The Serpent that did sting the fathers life Now

53、 wears his crown. - Shakespeare (Serpent Stands for Claudius),1.5. Synecdoche - a figure of speech in which a part of an object is used to represent the whole object or idea.,E.g. Not marble, nor the gilded monuments of princes, shall outline this powerful rhyme - Shakespeare “Sonnet 55”,1.6. Apostr

54、ophe - a figure of speech in which an inanimate object, a dead person, or an abstract idea is addressed directly.,e.g. Hail to thee, blithe spirit! Bird thou never went - Percy Bysshe Shelley,1.7. Hyperbole - an exaggeration used to give emphasis,e.g. The brain is wider than the sky - Emily Dickinso

55、n,1.8. Litotes - a figure of speech in which an idea is expressed by understatement or by denying its opposite.,e.g. . Feelings too, Of unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps, As have no slight or trivial influence On that best portion of a good mans life, - William Wordsworth,1 9. Paradox - a stateme

56、nt which is an apparent contradiction contains a basis of truth which, when considered, reconciles the seeming opposite.,e.g. Im nobody! Who are you? - Emily Dickinson,My youth is spent, and yet I am not old. - C. Tichborne Oxymoron is a poetical paradox Such as “o, loving hate!”,1 10. Pun - a play

57、on two words pronounced somewhat alike but differing in meaning.,Other devices Images also can be created by other devices.,1) Symbolism The use of an object, person, reason, animal or other concrete item to represent an abstract idea or an emotion.,2) Allusion A reference to an outside event, person, or fact. Most allusion i