英国文学40dy

1、-摘自英美文学教育研究,文学讲述人类自己的故事 一天，大人带着孩子在海滩漫步，孩子不时地在沙滩上拣到一些贝壳。他拿起来，对着耳朵专心致志地聆听着，他听到了一个奇异、低沉、悦耳的声音，孩子兴奋地听着，感受着它难以言状的神秘与美妙动人的音乐。大人走过来对小孩解释说，贝壳的螺旋纹回荡着各种各样的声音，声音太小，人们一般听不到。 “知其美，但不知其何为美；知其妙，但不知其何为妙” 文学欣赏的感性阶段（陶醉其中）； 理性解释文学欣赏的第二阶段（分析、研究、表达）。,语言教育与文学教育,语言教育具有很强的工具性特征，旨在培养学生“可言说”的语言应用能力。 文学教育则属鲁迅先生所说的“不用之用”，强调它的“

2、不用性”，旨在培养学生的“不可言说”之感受能力和鉴赏能力，不是“不用”，实则致力于形而上之“大用”。 文学则是鉴赏，即整体性把握、含纳，非“我融”性，而是“融我”性，文学是以“感染”、“诱惑”方式被接受的，从“感性语言”始，到生产“语言感觉”终。 文学教育的作用不是“立竿见影”式的，而是潜移默化式的“浸润”与“滋养”。,To see a World in a Grain of Sand -William Blake,To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm

3、 of your hand And Eternity in an hour.,从一颗沙子看世界,从一粒沙看世界，从一朵花看天堂，把永恒纳进一个时辰，把无限握在自己手心。 王佐良,Power of Word:,Part 4 The Age of Romanticism,1798-1832,Renaissance,Middle Ages,Neoclassicism Cockle stairs,Romanticism,Suppression of humanityMiddle Ages Eulogy of humanism Renaissance Overcoming human weakness

4、with reason-Neoclassicism Overcoming the weakness of too rigid reason-Romanticism Eulogizing middle-class valuesVictorianism Innovation with the individual imaginationModernism,1798 Preface to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth Your candles burned out long beforeYour legend ever will.,Loveliness

5、weve lost; These empty days without your smile. This torch well always carry For our nations golden child. And even though we try,The truth brings us to tears;All our words cannot express The joy you brought us through the years.Goodbye Englands Rose, From a country lost without your soul,Wholl miss

6、 the wings of your compassion More than youll ever know.,The poet meditates in a village cemetery on the graves of the humble and poor that surround him.,墓畔哀歌卞之琳译 晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退，一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰，只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞，昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭(dixiao

7、)向月亮诉苦，怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家，搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。,峥嵘的榆树底下，扁柏的荫里，草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆，各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体，小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召，燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃，公鸡的尖喇叭，使山鸣谷应的猎号再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。在他们，熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧，忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活；孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到，为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。,往常是：他们一开镰就所向披靡，顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟；他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地！他们一猛砍，树木就一棵棵低头！“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳，家常的欢乐，默默无闻的命运；“豪华”也

8、不用带着轻蔑的冷笑来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。门第的炫耀，有权有势的煊赫，凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处，前头都等待着不可避免的时刻：光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。,骄傲人，你也不要怪这些人不行，“怀念”没有给这些人建立纪念堂，没有让悠长的廊道、雕花的拱顶洋溢着洪亮的赞美歌，进行颂扬。栩栩的半身像，铭刻了事略的瓮碑，难道能恢复断气，促使还魂？“荣誉”的声音能激发沉默的死灰？“献媚”能叫死神听软了耳根？也许这一块地方，尽管荒芜，就埋着曾经充满过灵焰的一颗心；一双手，本可以执掌到帝国的王芴(wu)或者出神入化地拨响了七弦琴,可是“知识”从不曾对他们展开它世代积累而琳琅满目的书卷；“贫寒”压制了他们高贵的

9、襟怀，冻结了他们从灵府涌出的流泉。世界上多少晶莹皎洁的珠宝埋在幽暗而深不可测的海底；世界上多少花吐艳而无人知晓，把芳香白白地散发给荒凉的空气。,墓铭这里边，高枕地膝，是一位青年，生平从不曾受知于“富贵”和“名声”；“知识”可没轻视他出身的微贱，“清愁”把他标出来认作宠幸。他生性真挚，最乐于慷慨施惠，上苍也给了他同样慷慨的报酬：他给了“坎坷”全部的所有，一滴泪；从上苍全得了所求，一位朋友。别再想法子表彰他的功绩，也别再把他的弱点翻出了暗窖（他们同样在颤抖的希望中休息）。那就是他的天父和上帝的怀抱。,mourns the death not of great or famous people, b

10、ut of common men. sees a country churchyard at sunset, which impels him to meditate on the nature of human mortality. invokes the classical idea of memento mori (Remember that you must die.) considers the fact that in death, there is no difference between great and common people. wonders if among th

11、e lowly people buried in the churchyard had been any natural poets or politicians whose talent had never been discovered or nurtured. This thought leads him to praise the dead for the honest, simple lives that they lived.,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Setting Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buc

12、kinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard. Format (heroic quatrain) Four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter. In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second line rhymes with the fourth.,Themes,the brevity of life, the overwhelming power of death the insignificance

13、of human vanity bemoans the fate of the unfortunate Sympathy with the common people,Characteristics of Grays poetry,Be typical of Neoclassical poetry: the polished diction, musicality, the ordered, balanced phrasing. idealizes and elevates the common man,Robert Burns (1759-1796),Born into a poor ten

14、ants family in Scotland 3 years of schooling From childhood he was obliged to do mens work in the field National poet of Scotland/ singer of the common people,Burns cottage,Robert Burns,hated political tyranny, religious hypocrisy and social evils advocated liberty, equality and fraternity,His poetr

15、y Lyrical poems About love and friendship About Scottish life Political verse Calling for national independence and freedom Satirical verse Exposing hypocrisy and bigotry,A Red, Red Rose O, my Luve s like a red, red rose,Thats newly sprung in June.O, my Luves like the melodie ,Thats sweetly playd in

16、 tune . As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till athe seas gang dry.,Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun,O, I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o life shall run. And fare thee weel , my only Luve,And fare th

17、ee weel a while !And I will come again, my Luve,Tho it were ten thousand mile!,啊！我爱人象红红的玫瑰， 在六月里苞放； 啊，我爱人象一支乐曲， 乐声美妙、悠扬。 你那么美，漂亮的姑娘， 我爱你那么深切； 我会永远爱你，亲爱的， 一直到四海涸竭。 直到四海涸竭，亲爱的， 直到太阳把岩石消熔！ 我会永远爱你，亲爱的， 只要生命无穷。 再见吧，我唯一的爱人， 再见以，小别片刻！ 我会回来的，我的爱人， 即使万里相隔！,一朵红红的玫瑰,Characteristics of Burns poetry Poetic quali

18、ties Love, humor, pathos to touch the human heart Embody new spirit of Romanticism Avoid artificial ornament Simple and musical language Shows his affection and closeness to the people as well as to Scotland,William Blake (1757-1827),Born in London in 1757 Son of a hosier Largely self-taught Origina

19、lly studied to be an artist An artist at 10, a poet at 12 Supported himself as an engraver and illustrator of his own and others work A symbolist Then down a green plain leaping, laughing, they run, And wash in a river, and shine in the sun.,Then naked and white, all their bags left behind, They ris

20、e upon clouds and sport in the wind; And the Angel told Tom, if hed be a good boy, Hed have God for his father, and never want (lack) joy. And so Tom awoke, and we rose in the dark, And got with our bags and our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm; So if all do their

21、 duty they need not fear harm.,Theme: optimistic attitude towards human oppression (So if all do their duty they need not fear harm) Pont of view: 1st person Symbol: soot means sin, washing in the riverbaptizing , lamb pure, innocent person, Tom Darce pure chimney sweeper Attitude to work, religion

22、You ask me how this quiet is achieved: With thoughts remote the place appears alone.,采菊东篱下，悠然见南山；山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。,While picking asters neath the eastern fence, My gaze upon the southern mountain rests; The mountain views are good by day or night, The birds come flying homeward to their nests

23、. A truth in this reflection lies concealed, But I forget how it may be revealed.,The Solitary Reaper,Four stanzas: 1. sets the scene, 2. two bird comparisons for the music, 3. wonders about the content of the songs, 4. describes the effect of the songs on the speaker-and its language is natural and

24、 unforced.,real human music encountered in a beloved, rustic setting The song of the young girl (a Highland lass, she is likely singing in Scotsis incomprehensible to him and what he appreciates is its tone, its expressive beauty, and the mood it creates within him, the final two lines of the poem (

25、Its music in my heart I bore / Long after it was heard no more) return its focus to the familiar theme of memory, and the soothing effect of beautiful memories on human thoughts and feelings.,Theme: Form: The four eight-line stanzas in a tight iambic tetrameter. rhyme scheme of ABABCCDD, though in t

26、he first and last stanzas the A rhyme is off (field/self and sang/work). Skill:,a dramatic outburst, literally cries out to the soul of John Milton in anger and frustration. (The poem begins with the cry: Milton!) Besides his emphasis on feeling and passion, Wordsworths poetry is equally concerned w

27、ith goodness and morality. Wordsworth believed anyone could participate in a moral life, and that everyone would be happier for doing so. The angry moral sonnets of 1802 come from this ethical impulse.,London, 1802,London, 1802,The speaker addresses the soul of the dead poet John Milton, saying that

28、 he should be alive at this moment in history as England needs him and England is stagnant and selfish. Only Milton could raise her up again. The speaker says that Milton could give England manners, virtue, freedom, power, for his soul was like a star, his voice had a sound as pure as the sea, and h

29、e moved through the world with cheerful godliness, laying upon himself the lowest duties.“ (humblity),Theme: Form: A Petrarchan sonnet an octave (the first eight lines of the poem, ABBAABBA, proposes a question or an idea) a sestet (the final six lines, BCCDBD, typically answers the question or comm

30、ents upon the idea) Skill:,Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the person from Porlock has become a metaphor for the malicious interruptions the world throws in the way of inspiration and genius, and Kubla Khan, strange and ambiguous as it is, has become what is perhaps the definitive statement on the obstr

31、uction and thwarting of the visionary genius.,the stately pleasure-dome built in Xanadu according to the decree of Kubla Khan, in the place where Alph, the sacred river, ran through caverns measureless to man / Down to a sunless sea.“ Walls and towers were raised around twice five miles of fertile g

32、round, filled with beautiful gardens and forests. A deep romantic chasm slanted down a green hill, occasionally spewing forth a violent and powerful burst of water. The river ran five miles through the woods, finally sinking in tumult to a lifeless ocean. Amid that tumult, Kubla heard ancestral voic

33、es bringing prophesies of war. The pleasure-domes shadow floated on the waves, where the mingled sounds of the fountain and the caves could be heard.,The speaker says that he once saw a damsel with a dulcimer, an Abyssinian maid who played her dulcimer and sang of Mount Abora. He says that if he cou

34、ld revive her symphony and song within him, he would rebuild the pleasure-dome out of music, and all who heard him would cry Beware! of His flashing eyes, his floating hair! The hearers would circle him thrice and close their eyes with holy dread, knowing that he had tasted honeydew, and drunk the m

35、ilk of Paradise.,The first three stanzas are products of pure imagination: The pleasure-dome of Kubla Khan is however, it is a fantastically prodigious descriptive act. The poem becomes especially evocative when, after the second stanza, the meter suddenly tightens; the resulting lines are terse and

36、 solid, almost beating out the sound of the war drums (The shadow of the dome of pleasure / Floated midway on the waves.).,The fourth stanza states the theme of the poem as a whole. The speaker says that he once had a vision of the damsel singing of Mount Abora; he insists that if he could only revi

37、ve within him her symphony and song, he would recreate the pleasure-dome out of music and words, and take on the persona of the magician or visionary.,Assignment: Read through P208-211, 254-257. Lets invite Wang Liangxiu to do reading reports about George Gordon Byron and Zhou Wentao and Shu Fang to

38、 do his two poems.,Common characteristics of the second generation of British Romantics Byron, Shelley, and Keats : They wrote swiftly, traveled widely, and died prematurely. Radical, revolutionary genius,An eloquent poet, handsome nobleman, as the champion of liberty, poet of the people.,作为公爵，他风流倜傥

39、。 作为诗人，他才华横溢。 作为革命者，他毅然奋进。,George Gordon Byron,Don Juan, legendary 14th-century Spanish nobleman and libertine Don Juan: A libertine; a profligate (a great lover And musing there an hour alone,I dreamd that Greece might still be free;For standing on the Persians grave,I could not deem myself a slave

40、. A king sate on the rocky browWhich looks oer sea-born Salamis;And ships, by thousands, lay below,And men in nations;all were his!He counted them at break of dayAnd when the sun set, where were they?,Though Don Juan is the central figure, his adventures only provide the framework. The poets true in

41、tention is, by making use of Juans adventures, to present a panoramic（全景的） view of different types of society. SpainGreek islandConstantinople RussiaEngland,Byronic Hero,Byrons chief contribution is his creation of the Byronic hero, a proud Truly that hour foretold Sorrow to this!,当年惜别吾与君， 相对无语泪涔涔；

42、卿念吾思断愁肠， 时隔经年两茫茫， 恸情悲痛见君颊， 戚戚吻别犹凄清， 彼时示预离别绪， 而今续之心伤事。,The dew of the morning Sunk chill on my brow- It felt like the warning Of what I feel now. Thy vows are all broken, And light is thy fame: I hear thy name spoken, And share in its shame.,晨起犹见露滴滴， 沉潜冷凄挂眉须 此情此景隐隐现， 惜别之情仍念恋。 立誓之盟已自断， 君之声名人轻看； 耳闻汝名人提

43、起， 顿觉此为我之耻。,They name thee before me, A knell to mine ear; A shudder comes oer me- Why wert thou so dear? They know not I knew thee Who knew thee too well: Long, long shall I rue thee, Too deeply to tell.,君名人言我之前， 丧钟之音心想连； 颤颤之余吾思忖， 吾竟与汝交厚深？ 人知正如我所知， 知己比及吾与汝？ 吾思遗恨路漫漫， 及言之语实难辨。,In secret we met- In si

44、lence I grieve, That thy heart could forget, Thy spirit deceive. If I should meet thee After long year, How should I greet thee? With silence and tears.,幽期密会吾与汝， 我今凝噎竟无语， 汝能忘却此陈事， 心知肚明汝自欺。 吾汝若有再相遇， 已是经年岁月逝， 我将何以再称君？ 相对无语泪涔涔。,Characteristics of Byrons Poems though much criticized on moral grounds imm

45、ensely popular at home 那些枯叶, 有黑有白, 有红有黄, 像遭受了瘟疫的群体, 哦, 你呀, 西风, 你让种籽展开翱翔的翅膀, 飞落到黑暗的冬床, 冰冷地躺下, 像一具具尸体深葬于坟墓, 直到 你那蔚蓝色的阳春姐妹凯旋归家, 向睡梦中的大地吹响了她的号角, 催促蓓蕾, 有如驱使吃草的群羊, 让漫山遍野注满生命的芳香色调; 剽悍的精灵, 你的身影遍及四方, 哦,听吧, 你既在毁坏, 又在保藏!, 二 在你的湍流中, 在高空的骚动中, 纷乱的云块就像飘零飞坠的叶子, 你从天空和海洋相互交错的树丛 抖落出传送雷雨以及闪电的天使; 在你的气体波涛的蔚蓝色的表面, 恰似酒神女祭司

46、的头上竖起缕缕, 亮闪闪的青丝, 从朦胧的地平线 一直到苍天的顶端, 全都披散着 即将来临的一场暴风骤雨的发卷, 你就是唱给垂死岁月的一曲挽歌, 四合的夜幕, 是巨大墓陵的拱顶, 它建构于由你所集聚而成的气魄, 可是从你坚固的气势中将会喷迸 黑雨、电火以及冰雹; 哦, 请听!, 三 你啊, 把蓝色的地中海从夏梦中 唤醒, 它曾被清澈的水催送入眠, 就一直躺在那个地方, 酣睡沉沉, 睡在拜伊海湾的一个石岛的旁边, 在睡梦中看到古老的宫殿和楼台 在烈日之下的海波中轻轻地震颤, 它们全都开满鲜花, 又生满青苔, 散发而出的醉人的芳香难以描述! 见到你, 大西洋的水波豁然裂开, 为你让出道路, 而在海

47、底的深处, 枝叶里面没有浆汁的淤泥的丛林 和无数的海花、珊瑚, 一旦听出 你的声音, 一个个顿时胆战心惊, 颤栗着, 像遭了劫掠, 哦, 请听!,四 假如我是一片任你吹卷的枯叶, 假若我是一朵随你飘飞的云彩, 或是在你威力之下喘息的水波, 分享你强健的搏动, 悠闲自在, 不羁的风啊, 哪怕不及你自由, 或者, 假若我能像童年的时代,陪伴着你在那天国里任意翱游, 即使比你飞得更快也并非幻想 那么我绝不向你这般苦苦哀求: 啊, 卷起我吧! 如同翻卷波浪、 或像横扫落叶、或像驱赶浮云! 我跃进人生的荆棘, 鲜血直淌! 岁月的重负缚住了我这颗灵魂, 它太像你了:敏捷、高傲、不驯。,五 拿我当琴吧, 就

48、像那一片树林, 哪怕我周身的叶儿也同样飘落! 你以非凡和谐中的狂放的激情 让我和树林都奏出雄浑的秋乐, 悲凉而又甜美。狂暴的精灵哟, 但愿你我迅猛的灵魂能够契合!,把我僵死的思想撒向整个宇宙, 像枯叶被驱赶去催促新的生命! 而且, 依凭我这首诗中的符咒, 把我的话语传给天下所有的人, 就像从未熄的炉中拨放出火花! 让那预言的号角通过我的嘴唇 向昏沉的大地吹奏! 哦, 风啊, 如果冬天来了, 春天还会远吗?,The nervous thrill of Shelleys response to nature however is here transformed through the power

49、 of art All that we wish to stayTempts and then flies;What is this worlds delight?Lightning, that mocks the night,Brief even as bright.,今日灿烂花， 明日即可去； 志欲存之事， 瞬留虽即逝； 何为世之乐？ 闪电嘲夜晚， 虽短却耀眼。,Virtue, how frail it is! Friendship, how rare! Love, how it sells poor blissFor proud despair!But these though they

50、 soon fall,Survive their joy, and allWhich ours we call.,美德何脆弱！ 友情亦少稀！ 爱情生之乐， 穷极至绝望！ 比之转瞬逝， 然且存快意 吾汝爱情戏。,Whilst skies are blue and bright,Whilst flowers are gay,Whilst eyes that change ere nightMake glad the day; Whilst yet the calm hours creep,Dream thou - and from thy sleepThen wake to weep.,天空呈蔚蓝

51、， 花儿绽笑颜， 爱意缀夜暮 照之如白昼。 平和仍潜行， 眠中有梦成， 醒时却泣濛。,To Music, when soft voices die 温柔歌喉渐已远,Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory; Odors, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the sense they quicken. 温柔歌喉渐已远， 妙音仍荡脑海间。 紫罗兰，花渐谢， 扑鼻香气依旧烈,Rose leaves, when the rose is dead, Are heapd for the belove

52、ds bed; And so thy thoughts, when thou art gone, Love itself shall slumber on. 玫瑰花，如逝去， 叶做至爱之床第。 你去矣，我思念， 思念生之有爱恋。,Assignment: Read through P215-219, 266-269. Lets invite Zhang Lijian, Wu Meijuan, Yan yan, to do reading reports about William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey and Ch

53、en Yuee, Zhang Chengcheng, Liu Lu and Wang Fei to do the 4 selected poems.,John Keats (1795-1821):,His Major Poetic Works The odes are generally regarded as Keatss most important Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thoughtAs doth eternity: Cold pastoral!When old age shall this generation waste,T

54、hou shalt remain, in midst of other woeThan ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst,Beauty is truth, truth beauty,-that is allYe know on earth, and all ye need to know.,哦，希腊的形状！唯美的观照！上面缀有石雕的男人和女人，还有林木，和践踏过的青草；沉默的形体呵，你象是“永恒”使人超越思想：呵，冰冷的牧歌！等暮年使这一世代都凋落，只有你如旧；在另外的一些忧伤中，你会抚慰后人说：“美即是真，真即是美，”这就包括你们所知道、和该

55、知道的一切。,“The Grecian Urn” depicts a piece of ancient Greek pottery with a pastoral scene upon it. The urn represents a piece of artifact Darcys pride of place is founded on social prejudice, while Elizabeths initial prejudice against him is rooted in pride of her own quick perceptions.,Family: Austen

56、 portrays the family as primarily responsible for the intellectual and moral education of children. Mr. and Mrs. Bennets failure to provide this education for their daughters leads to the shamelessness, foolishness, frivolity轻率, and immorality of Lydia.,Elizabeth and Jane have managed to develop vir

57、tue and strong characters in spite of the negligence of their parents, although they are constantly forced to put up with the foolishness and poor judgment of their mother and the sarcastic indifference of their father.,Women and Marriage: Austen is critical of the gender injustices present in 19th century English society. Clearly, Austen believes that woman are at least as intelligent and capable as men, and considers their inferior status in society to be unjus