美国文学walt-whitman

1、,Walter “Walt” Whitman沃尔特惠特曼 (May 31, 1819 March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist随笔作家, and journalist新闻工作者.,Life Career Achievement Works Influence,Life,Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island长岛。His family is a working-class. At age four, Whitman moved with his family from West

2、Hills to Brooklyn布鲁克林 , living in a series of homes, in part due to bad investments. At age eleven Whitman concluded formal schooling. He then sought employment for further income for his family; He only had five years of schooling.,Location of Brooklyn, shown in red, in New York City,Location of Br

3、ooklyn, shown in red, in New York City,He tried various jobs including office boy, printer, schoolmaster, editor of eight successive newspaper, journalist. At age eleven he was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an apprentice学徒 of printer At age of sixteen, as a teacher in the one-room scho

4、ol houses of Long Island. At age of twenty-two, he turned to journalism as a full-time career. At age of twenty-seven he was editor of the Brooklyn Eagle 布鲁克林之鹰,Career,Career,At age of twenty-nine Whitman lost his position because his political standpoint was opposite to his boss. at the Brooklyn Ea

5、gle after siding with the Democratic party民主党 against the newspapers owner, Isaac Van Anden, who belonged to Republican party 共和党 During the Civil War南北战争, Whitman worked as a volunteer nurse, a “wound dresser” in military hospitals. After the Civil War He worked as a clerk in the home office but wa

6、s fired because the home office minister部长disliked his work Leaves Of Grass百草集,Civil war南北战争,The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States南方联邦 of Americ

7、a. The Union won the war北方联邦 . In order to safeguard the unification of the country, then, The Union evolved into a revolutionary war against slavery消灭奴隶制.,Achievement,In 1842 He published his first novel Franklin Evans 富兰克林埃文斯 In 1855, Whitman he published the first edition of Leaves of Grass with

8、his own money, which consisted of twelve untitled poems and a preface. At that year his father died. In 1856 Whitman released a second edition of the book, containing thirty-three poems, a letter from Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 praising the first edition, and a long open letter by Whitman in respo

9、nse.,Ralph Waldo Emerson,Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 (May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882), was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet. Emerson was the representative of American cultural spirit确立美国文化精神的代表人,Achievement,In 1865Lincoln was assassinated暗杀, Walt was in mourning悼念 for Lincoln to write When Li

10、lacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候 During civil war his collection of poems Drum-Taps 桴鼓集 published in Leaves Of Grass. In 1876 He published the sixth edition of Leaves Of Grass To commemorate the 100 anniversary of the declaration of independence纪念独立宣言的100周年 In 1885 To commemorate the 2

11、0 anniversary of the death of Lincoln he made poem 献给那个被钉在十字架上的人later collected into Leaves Of Grass 1891年 the ninth edition that is the last edition of Leaves Of Grass was published.,In 1861 Walt manuscript,Witches,Whitman died in 1892 because of his bad health. He unmarrried all his life. He was b

12、uried in Harleigh（哈利公墓） he designed.,Works,Franklin Evans (1842) -富兰克林埃文斯 Leaves Of Grass (1855) nine editions九版 -草叶集 Drum-Taps (1865) 桴鼓集 Specimen Days(1882) -典型的日子 Song of myself自我之歌 O Captain! my Captain!啊，船长！我的船长！ When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候 I sit and look out 坐观世界,Song

13、 of myself,I celebrate myself, and sing myself,我赞美我自己，歌颂我自己，And what I assume you shall assume,我所承担的一切,你也必须承担，For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.因为属于我的每一个原子,也同样属于你。I loafe and invite my soul,我闲游,并邀我的灵魂同往，I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.我悠闲地俯视一片夏天的草叶。,

14、Song of myself,My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air,我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都由这泥土、这空气所形成Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,我生于这里，我的父母生于这里，他们的父母也生于这里，I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,我如今三十七岁，在健康良好的状况下出发，Hoping to c

15、ease not till death.愿至死方休。 Creeds and schools in abeyance,教条和学派先放一旁，Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,让他们暂且后退，满足于现状，但不被遗忘，I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,我心怀善与恶，我要不顾一切地述说，Nature without check with original energy.自然那原始的活力，不受任何的阻扰。,Leaves

16、 Of Grass,Theme of Leaves Of Grass,In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. Transcendent power of love, brotherhood, and comradeship（同志关系） Whitman extols赞美 the ideals of equality平等 and democracy民主 and celebrates the dignity尊严, the self-reliant s

17、pirit自力更生的精神 and the joy of the common man.,Whitmans poetic Style,1.The use of the poetic I. 2.The use of free verse. 3.The use of parallelism and phonetic recurrence. 1. In the book of poems Leaves of Grass, he gave America its first genuine epic poem史诗. 2.The poetic style he devised is now called

18、free verse自由体. 3. Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America. His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture. Literary influence,Literary influence,1. In the book of poems Leaves of Grass, he gave America its first genuine epic poem史诗.

19、2.The poetic style he devised is now called free verse自由体. 3. Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America. His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.,His Importance,1) He is the great typical American poet in America. 2) Whitmans gr

20、eat contribution to American literature is his use of free verse自由体. 3) his thought of democracy民主 have been influential in world literature, and remain the inspiring source of 20th-century literature. 4) Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America. His best wor

21、k has become part of the common property of western culture. Many later poets are on his debts.,Influence,1.He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history, influencing the 20th century world literature. 2.His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture. 3.Whi

22、tman was one of the great innovators创新者 in American literature. 4.Walt Whitman has been claimed as Americas first poet of democracy, a title meant to reflect his good ability.,Song of Myself,In “Song of Myself”自我之歌, Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: 1.the theory of universality, which is ill

23、ustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things. The “I”, beholding nature and man alike. The whole poem ends on an extremely transcendental note: “I am large, I contain multitudes. 2.The other belief is in the singularity and equality of all beings in values. Song of Myself reveals a world of e

24、quality, without rank and hierarchy.,O Captain! My Captain!,O Captain! My Captain!,啊，船长，我的船长！,O Captain! my Captain!,O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,The ship has weatherd every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow e

25、yes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead. 哦船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终，我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊，目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！哦殷红的血滴流泻，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。,O Captain! my Captain!,O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up-for you the flag is flung-for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbond wreaths-for you the shores crowding, For you they