语用学―合作礼貌原则

1、Pragmatics-language in Use,Contents: Two principles of Pragmatics,1,2,The Politeness Principle,The Cooperative Principle,1,The Cooperative Principle and its Maxims( Herbert Paul Grice),The participants in a conversation normally communicate in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way.,Max

2、ims of CP,Quality,Quantity,Relevance,Manner,1)Do not say what you believe to be false. 2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.,Quality,true,Make your contribution as informative as is required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.,Quantity,informative,Rele

3、vance,Make your contribution relevant.,1) avoid obscurity of expression. 2) avoid ambiguity. 3) be brief. 4) be orderly.,Manner,Be perspicuous and speifically,That is to say:,Human beings try to speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient informationThe Cooperative Principle,

4、Flout of CP occurs, what follows?,Implicature (会话含义，言外之意) Conversational implicatures,The term of conversational implicature:,It refers to the additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle.,Conversational implicatures:,Two categories,Four features:

5、,Two categories of Conversational implicatures:,1) standard conversational implicature 2)Particularized conversational implicatureVolation( flout) of CP,Examples:,(1)A: May we know your age, please? B: Im nineteen years old. (2)A: Would you mind telling me your address? B: Somewhere in the south of

6、Fujian. (3)A: Hows her term paper? B: Her handwriting is quite beautiful! (4)A: Lets get the kids something. B: Okey,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.,Four features of conversational implicatures:,Inferability Cancellability Open-endedness Non-detachability,2, The Politeness Principle,The reason for impli

7、citly and indirectly by flouting the four maxims of the cooperative principle: Face want ( the expectation concerning their public self-image). To maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships and ensure successful social interaction.,Brown & Levinson: The Face Theory:,(1)The positive face-a perso

8、n who wants to be acceped,liked by others and to be treated as a member of the group. (connected) (2)The negative face- a person who wants to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. (independent),Face saving act:,Order or demand Eg: Dont be so noisy, children.

9、Disagreement Eg: A: Is the supermarket open on Sundays? B: Only an idiot would ask! Refusion A: Lets go to the movie tonight. B: I have to study for an exam.,Leechs politeness principle,Politeness in communication requires people to adopt strategies of maximizing “ polite beliefs” and minimizing “ i

10、mpolite beliefs.” (i) The Tact maxim (minimize cost to other, maximize cost to self) (ii) The Generosity maxim (minimize benefit to self, maximize praise of other) (iii) The Approbation (or flattery) maxim (minimize dispraise of other, maximize dispraise of other) (iv) The Modesty Maxim (minimize di

11、sagreement between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other) (v) The Agreement Maxim (minimize disagreement between self and other, maximize agreement between self and other) (vi) The Sympathy Maxim (minimize antipathy between self and other ,maximize sympathy between self and other)

12、,Leechs politeness principle,1, Politeness can be realized by various linguistic devices, which may differ in the degrees of politeness. 2, The degrees of politeness are also dependent on the optionality of the utterance. 3,The degrees of politeness vary in accordance with the indirectness of the ut

13、terance.,Functions of Indirect Speech Act in the Politeness Principle,1. polite refusal A: Buy me some fruit, will you? B: Im afraid Ive only got ten minutes. 2. Indirect criticism A: How do you like my painting? B: I dont have eye for beauty, Im afraid. 3. polite request or order A (a passer-by with a heavy bag): My bag is heavy.,The exceptions in some situations in politeness principle:,In times of emergency(eg: Watch out! ) When the threat to the hearers face is minor or none, as in “ If a