西方语言学流派 第五章 布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派

1、西方语言学流派,第五章 布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派,布拉格学派创始于1926年10月6日，布拉格语言学会召开第一次会议 马泰修斯、特鲁别茨柯依、雅克布逊 特点：国际性、成员积极参加国际学术活动、独立刊物布拉格语言学论丛,Contents,1. 结构-功能语言观 2. 音位对立 3. 历时音位学 4. 区别性特征 5. 句子功能展示成分 6. 哥本哈根学派的基本理论,第一节 结构-功能语言观,基本观点： 重视历时语言研究的同时，强调共时语言研究的首要地位 语言是一个价值系统 研究实现各种功能的语体 从语言功能入手，然后去研究语言形式 结构-功能语言观,第一节 结构-功能语言观,功能语言观 雅克布逊

2、语言学与诗学 对话6个因素：语境、讲话人、听话人、信息、接触方式、语码 话语聚焦一个因素时，就产生一种功能 语境=所指功能（referential）、讲话者=表情功能（expressive）、听话者=呼吁功能（conative）、信息=诗学功能（poetic）、接触方式=寒暄功能（phatic）、语码=元语言功能（metalingual）,第一节 结构-功能语言观,布拉格学派注重语义研究，这是与美国结构主义的根本区别 功能文体和功能方言 语言系统的开放性 模糊性,第二节 音位对立,布拉格学派的突出贡献是区分了语音学和音位学 Langue vs. Parole 区分音位对立的标准 与整个对立系统

3、的关系 对立成员之间的关系 区别力量的大小 双边/多边对立、均衡/孤立对立、否定/分级/等价对立、抵消/永恒对立,第三节 历时音位学,音位学研究方法不仅适用于共时语言学，也适用于历时语言学 历时音位学 用音位学的观点来研究语音演变 和谐原则和经济原则,第四节 区别性特征,特鲁别茨柯依找出了经常出现的语音对立的音位特性 雅克布逊发展了音位理论 声学频谱分析语音（从描写一个音如何产生到描写一个音听起来是什么样子） 双分法,第五节 句子功能展示成分,句子功能展示成分 用信息论的原理来分析话语或文句，测量一句话的各个部分对全句意义的贡献 三分法 vs. 二分法 交际力 一个语言单位交际力的大小就是它对

4、交际展开过程的贡献大小，即推动交际向前发展的作用的大小,第五节 句子功能展示成分,Communicative Dynamism (CD) J. Firbas Linguistic communication is dynamic, not static. CD measures the amount of information an element carries in a sentence. The degree of CD is the effect contributed by a linguistic element. He was cross. The lowest degree

5、of CD is carried by he, and the highest degree of CD is carried by cross, with the degree carried by was ranking between them.,第五节 句子功能展示成分,Theoretically, any element - sentence, phrase, word, morpheme - may be singled out in order to establish a sharp contrast. The only element conveying new inform

6、ation has significant semantic content, whereas all the other elements conveying known information are determined by the context. The contextually dependent elements carry the lowest degree of CD.,第五节 句子功能展示成分,Contextual dependence or independence is determined by the very purpose of the communicati

7、on.,第五节 句子功能展示成分,Normally the subject carries a lower degree of CD than the verb and/or the object and/or adverbial provided either the verb or the object and/or adverbial are contextually independent. This is because a known or unknown agent expressed by the subject appears to be communicatively le

8、ss important than an unknown action expressed by the finite verb and/or an unknown goal (object or adverbial of place) at or towards which the action is directed. - A man broke into the house and stole all the money.,第五节 句子功能展示成分,If the subject is followed by a verb expressing “existence or appearan

9、ce on the scene” and is contextually independent, then it will carry the highest degree of CD, because an unknown person or thing appearing on the scene is communicatively more important than the act of appearing and the scene itself. - An old man appeared in the waiting room at five oclock.,第五节 句子功

10、能展示成分,If the subject is contextually dependent, a contextually independent adverbial of time or place becomes an important local and temporal specification, carrying greater degree of CD than both the subject and the finite verb, as in - The old man was sitting in the waiting room.,第五节 句子功能展示成分,Firb

11、as defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD. The initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD, and with each step forward, the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest. Contextually dependent elements are always thematic. Non-thematic elements do not always depend on the context, and not every contextually independent elemen