西方翻译流派简述

1、Placing Translation in a Historical Framework,-Translation Study: A Brief Survey On western schools 西方翻译流派简述(欧美),Discussions,翻译研究的市场与学术空间 即将深入的西方译论研究为中国译学建设提供方法论与研究范式（paradigm）,Preface,What is Translation Studies?,The field of study devoted to describing, analyzing and theorizing the processes, cont

2、exts and products of the act for translation as well as the (roles of the ) agents involved. -Williams -1946,Publication of Larbauds sous Linvocation de Saint Jerome: a vocabulary and methodology of approaching period; 1940s,the first papers on machine translation-today: the introduction of structur

3、al linguistics and communication theory into the study of translation; Early 1960s-today:a reversion to hermeneutic, almost metaphysical inquiries into translation and interpretation. -Steiner(1975/1990), P236,Other Way of Classification:,Susan Bassnett: History of translation: a component part of l

4、iterary history; Translation in the TL culture; Translation and linguistics Translation and poetics - Bassnett(1980/2004) ,P 16-17,other Way of Classification:,谭载喜：1）发轫于公元前四世纪的肇始阶段； 2 ）罗马帝国的后期至中世纪； 3）中世纪时期； 4）文艺复兴时期； 5）近代翻译时期，即十七世纪至二十世纪上半叶； 6）第二次世界大战以后至今。 Gentzler ： The North American workshop The S

5、cience of translation Early translation studies Polysystem theory deconstruction,other Way of Classification:,Schools and Their Leading Theorists,1.Empirical Approach -Bassnett(1980/2004) chapter II,Equivalence-orientated western translation studies 古罗马时期 Cicero: If I render word for word, the resul

6、t will sound uncouth,and if compelled by necessity I alter anything in the order or wording, I shall seem to have departed from the function of a translator. Horace: -nor should you try to render your original word for word like a slavish translator Saint Jerome had always aimed at translating sense

7、, not words. Comments: distinction between word for word and sense for sense translation A stress on the aesthetic criteria of the TL product,Bible Translation AD384-17th century: a persecution of bible translators Saint Jerome contentious version of New testament: AD.384 Wycliffite Bible: The first

8、 Complete version Lollards 1380-1384 Dominion by grace Comments: aim at intelligible, idiomatic version William Tyndales New Testament from Greek:1525 intended to offer as clear a version as possible to the layman Public burning of his version burned at the stake in 1536 16th century, Renaissance Bi

9、ble translators: fluidity and intelligibility: Vernacular glosses 圣经是怎样写成的（英）康诺利,世界知识出版社.2004,Early Theorists: French Humanist Dolet Five principles for translators Stress understanding the SL text as a primary requisite The renaissance: At times the figure of the translator appears almost as a revo

10、lutionary activist rather than the servant of an original authors or text. The 17th Cen.: Dryden and Pope: close reading of the original to note the details of style and manner whilst endeavoring to keep alive the fire of the poem. 18th cen.:Tytler Romanticism, postromanticism, the Victorians, archa

11、izing, 20th Cen.,Ezra Pound: Imagist translation-Precise rendering of details, of individual words, and of single or even fragmented images. Theory of Luminous details Gentzler(2001:15) 门前迟行迹,一一生绿苔。苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。 You dragged your feet when you went out. By the gate now, the moss is grown, the differen

12、t mosses, Too deep to clear them away!,2. Scientific or linguistic approach: Outdated?,2.1. Nida: Syntax into Translation Studies,Major Works: Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: Brill, 1964. Eugene Nida but they can function in the same situation. In total translation, SL and TL text or item a

13、re translation equivalents when they are interchangeable in a given situation.,4.the semantic mythology such as componential analysis,5.Hierarchical changes,“equivalence at one rank implies that equivalence can only be established at a higher rank.”(P29) 6. Intranslatibility: Full V.S. Partial Total

14、 V.S. Restricted Comments: Halliday,anthropology-based linguistics,2.3.Pragmatic approach: Gutt,Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context, Oxford，1991. the translation is presented by virtue of its resemblance with the original in relevant respects. Whatever decision the translator reaches is

15、 based on his intuitions or beliefs about what is relevant to his audience. -Gutt,1991:112,Examples,Tourist brochure in German and Finnish The translation of “两只老虎” 当好东道主，热情迎佳宾。 您一路辛苦了。 出售电话卡 请随手关灯 -Please turn off the light before leaving.,2.4 other linguistic approaches,Discourse Analysis:李运兴 Bake

16、r Systematic-functional linguistics: Hatim The cultural turns in 1990s:,3.5 Cultural approach,Works,Bassnet，Susan that is, the end justifies the means. Reissrewriting;Literary polysystem,Quotation,All translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose,-so that the

17、process of translating will bring the Target Text into line with a particular model and hence a particular correctness notion, and in so doing secure social acceptance, even acclaim. (Hermans, See in Dictionary:101),Comments,A subdiscipline of comparative literature Not intended equivalence but admi

18、tted manipulation An approach to literary translation which is descriptive, target-oriented functional and systemic, an interest in the norms and constrains what govern the production and reception of translations,3.8 Decontructurism: From Benjamin to Derida,Works,Benjamin, Walter, The Task of the T

19、ranslator, in Schulte, Rainer & Biguenet, John (ed.) The Theory of Translation, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1923. Venuti, Lawrence ed., Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, ideology,Routledge: London, 1992 Lawrence Venuti, The Scandals of Translation. London and New York: R

20、outledge 1998. Venuti, Lawrence , The Translators Invisibility,Routledge: London, 1995 Derida Kathleen,Davis, Deconstruction and Translation 郭建中美国翻译理论,Derrida, Foucault, Roland Barthes, Paul De Man 1990sBenjamin: after lifePure Language,Introduction,Derrida: differance,延异, “differance”是德希达自创的名词，兼有“d

21、iffer”（歧异）与“defer”（延宕） 之义，描述变动不居且衍生差异的书写与阅读活动。 原文死了,Introduction,Introduction,Venuti: Invisibility of the Minority An attack over Transparency Foreignization,Quotation,No poem is intended for the reader, no picture for the beholder, no symphony for the listener” (Walter Benjamin, 1923) 顺从性翻译”（compli

22、ant translation)。译者为了“文化适应”，便“归化外来的文本，使译入语读者能够认同，甚至熟悉译文，自我陶醉地认为在他者文化中发现了本国文化；这种行为是在帝国主义体系内进行的，延伸了对其他文化的支配权，导致其他意识形态的话语透明不可见。(Lawrence Venuti, 1998：5),Comments,Undertaking A radical redrawing of the questions upon which translation theory is founded(Gentzler) Postcolonialism 孙致礼,3.9 Gender Perspectiv

23、e: Loyalty and Subjectivity,Works,Flotow, Louse Von. Translation and Gender: translating in the era of feminism,1997 Simon, Sherry, Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation. In Susan Bassnett and Andr Lefevere, eds. Translation, History and Culture. Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the

24、Politics of transmission.1996. 翻译理论中的性别A，许宝强，袁伟(编),语言与翻译的政治，中央编译出版社，2001.1.,Introduction,“the hijacking technique” and Sussanne De lotbere-Harwood Quel est le feminin de garcon? Cest garce! Whats the feminine of dog? Its bitch! Une muette parle A un Sourd. (哑女对聋男说。) A mute one speaks to a deaf one.,

25、Quotation,“a political discourse directed towards the construction of new meanings” (Elshtain, See in Barbara Godard, 1990: 88).,Comments,Loyalty Flaunt the subjectivity,4.0 Postcolonialism,Works,Maria Tymoczko,Translation in a Postcolonial Context：early Irish Literature in English Translation, Spiv

26、ak 吕俊,Niranjana&Spivak: Political Approach,Works,Spivak，Gayatri，翻译的政治A，许宝强，袁伟(编),语言与翻译的政治，中央编译出版社，2001.1 Niranjana,Sitting Translation: History, post-structurism,and the Colonial Context,Introduction,1990s Abandon linguistic theory, Criticize humanistic approach Regard translation as an internationa

27、l political action,Quotation,By juggling the disruptive rhetoricity that breaks the surface in not necessarily connected ways, we feel the selvedges of the language-textile give way, fray into frayages or facilitations 修辞作用以没有必然关系的方式打断了连接性；通过掂量这种扰乱力，我们便感觉到如织好的布匹一般的语言的织边在松脱，散乱成轨道。 在翻译非欧洲女性的文本时，由于译者不能

28、和原文的修辞作用作出对应，又或缺乏足够的关注，以致翻译的政治往往压抑了散轶发生的可能。,Intimate reading The task of the translator is to facilitate this love between the original and its shadow, a love that permits fraying, holds the agency of the translator and the demands of her imagined or actual audience at bay。 Translations of culture a

29、re never innocent. (Maria:164),Quotation,Comments,解构-政治？ 实验室切片 文化考古-王东风 2003/4 西方从Pound, Arthur Waley中发现了中国,西方译论对中国译介的影响,Impacts on Chinese Forum,1.四次翻译高潮和如火如荼的研究局面 2.中国的翻译范式研究 3.提供一定的方法论 e.g. : this that, 人家 史学研究: 林纾；五四时期；丝绸之路女口译人员等等,1. three principles of Tytler V.S. “xin da ya” I. That the Transl

30、ation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. II. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. III. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition -from, Essay on the Principles of Translation (3rd

31、 edition, 1813), Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee:,2. 阐释学, 和谢天振的“创造性叛逆” Even-Zohar VS 其翻译文学的地位 3. 多元系统论与辜正坤的多元互补翻译理论 4. 金隄与Nida 5. Gentzler: invisibility of translators and 孙致礼的翻译走向异化 6. 林克难: 翻译由规范走向描写 7. 蔡新乐: 由主体性走向主体间性,Conclusion: 融合与回归： a tendency? E.g. 达,Comments On 中国传统译论: Macroscopic

32、, Fragmental, subjective , Prescriptive 2. Dichotomy 3. Empirical deliberations or essayistic aphorisms-Levy 4.以忠实为目标的中国翻译学-张南峰 5.辜正坤，2001: (转引自廖七一) 译学研究的视域狭窄，观念僵化。传统译 论在原文与译文对比研究和字词句推敲上颇有建树，但对原文译文以外更广阔的领域很 少涉猎。科学与艺术之争、可译与不可译之争、直译与意译之争等形成了僵硬的二元对立。 研究思路和模式缺乏多样性和丰富性。译学研究的对象仍然以文学翻译和学术翻译为 主，其他题材的翻译没有得到足

33、够的重视。译学主要的理论来源仍局限于中国传统文论，缺 乏跨学科的理论支撑。 在方法论上，传统译论长于“模糊、抽象的定性概括”而“弱 于条分缕析的量化陈述”,物竞天择，适者生存: 水土,Newmark: Pragmatic approach: Chinese context,新华网北京月日电（记者徐松）记者从商务部新闻办公室获悉，商务部日就温州鞋在俄罗斯被查抄事件召开会议，进一步了解有关情况。国家有关部门、浙江省政府以及有关商会、协会和当事企业代表参加了会议。 会议结束后，商务部新闻办负责人表示，下一步商务部和 有关部门将依据中俄双方签署的文件协议，继续加大交涉力度，积极与俄方磋商，推动此问题的妥善解决。同时，国内有关部门和