四级讲座--备考秘笈.ppt

1、1,决胜CET-4！ 大学英语四级备考秘笈,范恭华 外语教学部,2010年5月5日,2,快速阅读 为什么找不到或找不准原文出处？,短对话 为什么明明听到了，却不是正确答案？,长对话/短文 那么多信息，怎么记得住？知道哪点要考？,听写 句子那么长，怎么可能记得全？,篇章阅读 不是“先看题，后阅读”么？可为什么不是做错就是找不到原文信息点？,选词填空 十五个选一个，中奖率太小！,3,快速阅读 为什么找不到或找不准原文出处？,短对话 为什么明明听到了，却不是正确答案？,长对话/短文 那么多信息，怎么记得住？知道哪点要考？,听写 句子那么长，怎么可能记得全？,篇章阅读 不是“先看题，后阅读”么？可为什

2、么不是做错就是找不到原文信息点？,选词填空 十五个选一个，中奖率太小！,4,Thank You,5,秘笈1：快速阅读,培养良好的阅读习惯 略读很重要 寻读（定位）是关键,6,对照检验一下自己在阅读过程中，是否存在下列现象，如果存在务必克服： 阅读时你的嘴唇和舌头是否在动，是否在以很小的声音“默读”； 阅读时你是否用铅笔或手指着书上的每一行左右移动； 阅读时你是否一边阅读一边念出声或一边读一边翻译； 在阅读时你的头是否随着所读文字的位置而左右移动；,7,你是否读得非常仔细、非常慢，并且不能确信自己能全部理解所读材料； 你是否经常回读，即读过的东西又重新读一遍，甚至重读几遍直至你确信自己已理解；

3、你是否以基本相等的速度读所有体裁的文章。,8,良好的阅读习惯,视幅要宽： 即每一眼看的词要尽量的多。在快速阅读中， 考生要努力使自己的眼睛变成“广角镜”， 把尽可能多的词一次“尽收眼底”。 视时要短： 即第一眼和第二眼之间停顿的间隙要尽量短。 意群要长： 即不能在每个视幅中把很多单个的单词都收进脑子， 而是要善于从中摄取有意义的词组， 这个“有意义”的词组就是意群。在快速阅读中， 考生应该半句或一句句地读。视幅大大加宽， 停顿的间隙少而短， 获取的都是有意义的词组， 因而能较快较好地理解全句或全段。,9,The interstate highway system was finally lau

4、nched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest engineering public works projects of the century.,10,To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridges, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.,11,Consider the many geographic features of the cou

5、ntry: mountains, steep grades, wetland, rivers, deserts and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil.,12,Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interc

6、hanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of American.,13,略读很重要！,迅速获取文章大意或中心思想 阅读每个段落的主题句和结论句 不阅读细节而预测文章意义 借助语篇标志词及特殊信息点,Tip,14,语篇标志词,文章中的一些语篇标志词可以帮助我们迅速掌握文章及段落结构， 把握文章及各段主旨， 从而有助于我们快速找到所需信息。,作用 有效？ vs. 无效？ 主要？ vs.

7、 次要？,目的 获取主旨！,15,1. 结构框架标志词： 引领： There are three major reasons. 总结： The result.; In conclusion.; We can conclude.; One of the primary conclusions. 强调： The main / important point / conclusion / reason.; The point to note here.,16,2. 逻辑关系标志词(1)： 因果： （原因）because, for, due to, as, since （结果）as a result,

8、 therefore, hence, consequently. 并列： and, or. 解释： in other words, thats to say, it means. 对比： （相反）on the contrary, while, in contrast, otherwise. （相同）likewise, as well, similarly, equally.,17,2. 逻辑关系标志词(2)： 转折： however, but, yet, while, in fact. 举例： for example, for instance, like, such as, these in

9、clude, to illustrate, among these are. 层次： first/ second., firstly/ secondly., in addition, besides, moreover, whats more. 顺序： then, the next morning, later, after that.,18,例如How Is a Landfill Operated?中的第一段： You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food,

10、 food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You dont think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You dont have to think about that waste again, eit

11、her. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.,19,如 “How Is a Landfill Operated?”一段中： Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used

12、 for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled. In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies.,20,特殊信息

13、点,1. 什么是“特殊信息点”？ 很容易在文章中识别的词汇，如： 2. 如何运用“特殊信息点” ？ 对于主旨题（略读）： 多为琐碎信息，可以忽略 对于细节题（寻读）： 多为深入论证或解释，应着重研读,时间,数字,人名地名,特殊标点,21,如 “How Much Trash Is Generated?”一段中： Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recyc

14、led (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). 再如 “How Is Trash Disposed of”一段中： The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burne

15、d and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960.,22,Dumpan open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most peoples idea of a landfill!) Landfillcarefully designed structure bu

16、ilt into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil. Sanitary landfillland fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment Municipal

17、solid waste (MSW) landfilllandfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment,23,寻读是关键！,寻读又称查读 从大量资料中迅速查找某一特定事实或信息 无关部分略去不读 要求速度和准确性 要求阅读时带有明确的目的性,24,寻读技巧：,利用材料的编排形式。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列的。例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期；某事是谁做的，要查人名等。 利用章节标题。略读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要

18、的材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找。 抓定位词。要充分利用原文中具有提示性的斜体词、黑体词、脚注、专有名词、标点符号等定位词。以意群为单位，一组一组视读。减少眼停次数，缩短“眼脑直映”时间。,25,定位词,1. 什么是定位词？ 题干句中能帮助我们在文章中迅速找到相关信息的词或词组。又可称为“题眼”。具有以下特征： 语义核心词（实词） 具有高度提示性 在原文中辨别性较高 （斜体、首字母缩略、特殊符号、大写字母等） 在原文中出现次数较少,26,2. 哪些是定位词？,特殊字体类：斜体、首字母缩略、特殊符号、数字等 专有名词类：人名、地名、国家、语言、组织机构等 名词词组类：某些特殊名词、名词

19、词组、动名词等 特殊动词类：某些表示具体行为的特殊动词 修饰限制类：最高级、比较级、序数词、定语从句及某些特殊形容词、副词等,提示性,高,低,27,3. 如何找定位词？,NO,状语,高度提示性,主语、宾语,高度提示性,谓语、表语,NO,YES,YES,定位到原文,定位到原文,定位到原文,状语定位词，多为 人名、地名、时间、 方式等。,主语或宾语定位词， 多为专有名词或名 词短语。,谓语或表语定位词， 多为动词、形容词 （极度修饰词、比 较级和最高级）。,“三级定位法”,28,练习：定位词,From the first paragraph we know that present-day uni

20、versities have become _. Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased _.,1级,2级,1级,2级,3级,3级,2级,29,练习：定位词,In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?,

21、1级,2级,1级,3级,30,练习：定位词,The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. after September 11 was caused by _. Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will _.,1级,2级,1级,2级,3级,3级,31,总结：快阅答题步骤,1) 略读知大意：首先略读文章题目，首末段，小标题，各段首末句，了解文章大意；

22、2) 题干定题型：根据题干陈述确定题型是主旨题还是细节题； 3) 重点在定位：读题干，找出“题眼”，即数字、人名等具有高度提示性的词汇、短语； 4) 寻读相关句：通过寻读，在原文中定位“题眼” 位置，阅读相关句子； 5) 对照题干句：对比文中的句子和题干（或选项）的说法； 6) 综合辨真伪：综合分析，如有必要还要略读相关段落，判断真伪，做出答案。,32,秘笈2：篇章阅读（四选一）,略读很重要 理解是关键 干扰项解密,33,略读很重要！,先看题，后阅读！ 先略读，后做题！,34,理解是关键！,很快找到了原文出处， 可为什么还是做不对？,理解出了问题！ 是否有陌生词汇？ 是否联系上下文？ 是否把握

23、作者意图？,35,If you are a male and you are reading this, congratulations: you are a survivor. According to statistics, you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman, and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. 57. Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning o

24、f the passage? A. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today. B. Their average life span has been considerably extended. C. They have lived long enough to read this article. D. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier live.,36,FUN TIME,Color of the Wind Blowing in the Wind Casablanca,

25、37,干扰项解密,1) 无中生有(所有题型) 特征：利用凭空捏造的细节以迷惑和干扰考生 破解：准确定位 2) 常识错位(所有题型) 特征：符合常识，但非文中所提，易导致粗心错误 破解：尤其警惕不需阅读原文就能自圆其说的选项 纯“无中生有”型越来越少！ 多为与主题相关的“常识错位”！,38,4. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who _. A) are good at demonstrating their charming characters B) can move the

26、masses with their forceful speeches C) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships D) can provide an answer to the problems of their people,预测1：哪一项是正确项？,39,Heroes are catalysts for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They possess the skill and the charm to move the masses. They

27、create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but

28、 the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.,40,4. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who _. A) are good at demonstrating their charming characters B) can move the masses with their forceful speeches C) are capabl

29、e of meeting all challenges and hardships D) can provide an answer to the problems of their people,预测1：哪一项是正确项？,41,1. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that_. A) poor people cant afford it B) it is too expensive to maintain C) too many people are usin

30、g it D) it causes too many road accidents,预测2：哪一项是正确项？,42,As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensu

31、e from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.,43,1. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that_. A) poor people cant afford it B) it is too expensive to main

32、tain C) too many people are using it D) it causes too many road accidents,预测2：哪一项是正确项？,44,干扰项解密,3) 极端绝对或有悖常理(所有题型) 特征：内容违反客观事实或常识，说法极端绝对或带有明显个人倾向 破解：直接排除 四级阅读文章多为说明文和议论文，内容不走极端，表达适度。 但并非绝对！一切以原文为本！ 此类型干扰项越来越少！,45,62. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix? A) It boasts the la

33、rgest number of students on campus. B) All its courses are offered online. C) Its online courses are of the best quality. D) Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree. （2007.12）,预测3：哪一项即可排除？,46,干扰项解密,4) 偷梁换柱(细节题最常见) 特征：利用原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在某些位置换掉个别词，造成语义的变化。 破解：留意选项各个成分是否与原文表述的意义一致：地点、时间、方

34、式、程度 (如副词)、性质 (如形容词)，甚至是主语和谓语都可能被偷换。 不要跟着感觉走！ 不能只凭一个单词的印象就选择答案！,47,65. What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students? A) There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort. B) There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses. C) The evaluation sys

35、tem used by online universities is inherently weak. D) Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction. （2007.12）,48,But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is aro

36、und 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as

37、good as the classroom course.,49,65. What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students? A) There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort. B) There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses. C) The evaluation system used by online universities is

38、 inherently weak. D) Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction. （2007.12）,偷梁换柱,无中生有,无中生有,50,干扰项解密,5) 范围失衡 (常见于主旨题) 特征： a. 小题大做：归纳概括范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西，与主旨大意是包含关系。 b. 大题小做：用某一个段落的观点或细节冒充全文主要观点、中心思想的选项。 破解：着重阅读首尾段，准确抓住文章主旨。,51,61. What is the message the author intends to conv

39、ey? A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one. B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology. C) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs. D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming. （2008.06）,52

40、,The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it. （倒数第二段） The trouble with the global warming debate is t

41、hat it has become a moral problem when its really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we dont solve the engineering problem, were helpless. （末段）,53,61. What is the message the author intends to convey? A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one. B) The ultimate

42、 solution to global warming lies in new technology. C) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs. D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming. （2008.06）,无中生有,大题小作，第 2段细节,与原文矛盾，末段,54,干扰项解密,6) 尺度失控 (常见于推理题) 特征：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面（如结果）程度、范围等进行了夸大

43、处理。 破解：准确理解原文字面意思，判断推理条件是否充分。,55,5. We can infer from the last paragraph that _. A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness C) no airline pilots smoke during flights D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases,56,“As our tes

44、ts became more complex,” sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins”. He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobsuntil they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smo

45、king might damage his mental capacity.”,57,2. We can infer from the last paragraph that _. A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness C) no airline pilots smoke during flights D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases,夸大处理

46、,58,秘笈3：短对话,首句要听清 重点在次句 but是考点,59,首句要听清,作用： 提示主题/话题 提供干扰信息，影响判断 为次句核心信息做铺垫,60,11. A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center. C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.,61,M: Excuse me. Do you have change for a ten-dollar note? I need to pay the parking meter. W: Im sorry, but I th

47、ink you can get it through the money changer in the shopping center across the street. Q: What is the man trying to do?,62,12. A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child. C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.,63,M: Can you recommend something that a school boy of 7

48、or 8 will really like? W: Id suggest this toy train, sir. Its an excellent brand. Very popular all over the world these days. Q: What is the man doing?,64,13. A) Taking photographs. B) Enhancing images. C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.,65,W: Do you let people know when youre taking pictures

49、 of them? M: I try not to. You know any picture of a person who poses for the camera would look dull and unnatural. Q: What are the speakers talking about?,66,重点在次句,作用： 提供核心信息 排除干扰信息 表明态度观点 I suppose so./ I think so./I cant agree more., etc. Really?/ I doubt it!/ I dont think so., etc.,67,16. A) She

50、 must have paid a lot for the gym. B) She is known to have a terrific figure. C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results. D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy.,68,W: Ive been working out the gym since January. I was a bit out of shape. M: You look terrific. It seems that your effort ha

51、s paid off. Q: What does the man imply about the woman?,69,17. A) Female students are unfit for studying physics. B) He can serve as the womans tutor. C) Physics is an important course at school. D) The professors suggestion is constructive.,70,W: Professor Clark suggested I get a tutor for advanced

52、 physics. M: Well, that might help. Advanced physics is a pretty difficult course. Q: What does the man mean?,71,18. A) Indifferent. B) Doubtful. C) Pleased. D) Surprised.,72,W: Bill, have you heard the latest news? It appears we two wont be laid off after all. M: Oh, Im somewhat tired of working he

53、re. Ive been wondering whether I should resign. Anyway, the news seems to be good for you. Q: How does the man feel about the news?,73,but是考点,次句含but，其后必是考点 前伪后真！ but前为干扰信息 but后为真实信息,74,14. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young. B) He can provide little useful information. C) He will show the wo

54、man around Baltimore. D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.,75,W: I need to talk to someone who knows Baltimore well. Im told you lived there. M: Oh, but I was really young at the time. Q: What does the man mean?,76,15. A) He is rather disappointed. B) He is highly ambitious. C) He cant fac

55、e up to the situation. D) He knows his own limitation.,77,W: Arent you disappointed that you didnt get the promotion? M: Maybe a little, but I know I need more experience before Im ready for that kind of responsibility. Q: What do we learn about the man from this conversation?,78,秘笈4：长对话/短文,预测是关键 边听

56、可边选 笔记很重要,79,如何预测？,看选项，预测问题（考点）： 选项皆为to do不定式，往往问目的； 选项皆为-ing分词，往往问建议和进行动作； 选项皆为名词短语，往往问主题/职业； 选项皆为完整句子，若： 事实性描述（常为过去时），往往问原因/结果； 观点/评论性陈述（常为现在时），往往问想法/观点； 选项中重复出现的词或短语为考点。,80,Q: What is the mans job?,23. A) A training coach. B) A trading adviser. C) A professional manager. D) A financial trader. 名词

57、短语，皆为职业职业,81,Q: Why does the man prefer to cook a meal rather than have a take-away?,24. A) He can save on living expenses. B) He considers cooking creative. C) He can enjoy healthier food. D) He thinks take-away is tasteless. 事实性描述原因（关于cook/food）,82,Q: What does the man say about an element of stre

58、ss in his job?,25. A) It is something inevitable. B) It is frustrating sometimes. C) It takes patience to manage. D) It can be a good thing. 观点性陈述观点（关于it?）,83,边听边选 or 听完再选？,一个问答或一个事件对应一道题 一般不设陷阱，听到什么选什么 题文同序 边听边选,84,如何做笔记？,记关键词、主干词 比较级、最高级、极度词 转折词、因果词 数字、时间 首、末句 问题与回答左右分开，相互对应（对话）,85,1. W: So, why e

59、xactly does your job have a reputation for being stressful? M: Stress is generally driven by the feeling of being out of control of a situation and the feeling of a situation controlling you. Trading in financial markets combines both. 2. W: How do you relax in the evening? M: I very rarely do anything work-related so its easy