语法-定语从句 课件.ppt

1、定语从句复习,定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等。关系副词有： when, where, why等。,注：1.介词提前时一般只用which和whom。 2.whose+名词=the+名词+of which/ of whom,关系词的种类,关系代词 关系副词,起着代词和连词的作用，在从句中充当 主语，宾语或定语,起着副词或介词短语和连词的作用， 在从句中充当

2、状语,The man ( who is standing there) is my brother.,关系词的作用：代替前面的先行词在从句中充当一定的成分 把两个句子连起来构成一个复合句,关系代词引导的定语从句,两个简单句： A man is standing there. The man is my brother.,= 主从复合句： The man who is standing there is my brother.,先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词,先行词一般是名词或代词,关系代词：引导定语从句的词,I have a sister. + She works in Shanghai.,=

3、 I have a sister _ works in Shanghai.,Translate: 他想要见的人在上海。,He wants to see the man. + The man is in Shanghai.,= The man _ he wants to see is in Shanghai.,Have you found the pen?+ You lost it yesterday.,= Have you found the pen _ you lost yesterday?,who/ that,who/ whom/ that,(that/ which),Do you kno

4、w the girl? + Her mother works here.,= Do you know the girl _ mother works here?,I live in a room. + its window faces south.,= I live in a room _ window faces south.,whose,whose,= I live in a room the window of which faces south.,of which the window,This is the house. + I was born in the house.（介词短语

5、）,= I was born there（副词).,= This is the house_ I was born.,=_ which,注意区别： This is the house _ I was born in.,(which/ that),where,in,关系副词和介词+which引导的定语从句,We will never forget the day. + we will hold the Olympic Games on that day.,= We will never forget the day _ we will hold the Olympic Games.,_ whic

6、h,注意区别： I will never forget the day _ I spent with you last year.,(which / that),I dont know the reason why he left here.,= for which,when,on,注意：,1. Thank you for the book that you gave it to me yesterday.,在定语从句中，关系代词已代替了前面的先行词， 所以在从句中不能在重复了。,what 不能用于定语从句中,2. Tell me anything what you know.,Tell me

7、 what you know.,that,tell sb. sth,3. 在介词 whom/ which 结构中，介词的选择 I will never forget the day _ which I reached the Great Wall. Tell me the time _ which the train leaves.,This is the hero _ whom we are proud. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to that B. who C

8、. from whom D. to whom,根据先行词来判断,根据从句中谓语动词的固定搭配来判断,on,at,of,be proud of ; turn to sb. for help,4. （名词、代词、数词、最高级）of whom/ which 结构中， 表所属关系，”当中的”,China has hundreds of islands, the largest of that is Taiwan.,which,There 54 students in our class, most of them are boys.,whom,5. 在非限制定语从句中，需注意以下几点：, that 不

9、能用来引导非限制性定语从句, why 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，应用for which e.g. I have told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting., 在非限制性的定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时， 只能用whom，不能用who替换，也不能省略 His wife, _ you met at my home, was a teacher. A. whom B. who C. that D. whose,引导定语从句的关系代词 that which who whom whose,that即指人又指物，作主语或宾

10、语。 which指物，作主语或宾语。 who, whom指人,who作主语,whom作宾语。 that, which, whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可省去。,1. that在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物,1) A plane is a machine that can fly. 主语,2) The noodles that I saw were delicious.宾语,3) Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.主语,4) The girl that we saw yesterday is Jims sister. 宾语）

11、,2. Which 在从句中作主语或宾语，指物,1) They planted the trees which didnt need much water. (主语 ),2) The fish which we bought were not fresh. （宾语）,3. who whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语 (口语中who也可作宾语),1) The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（主语）,2) The boy who broke the window is called Michael.（主语）,4)

12、 Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write . （宾语）,3) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. （宾语）,在以疑问词who开头的句子中, 或关系代词在从句中作表语时, 用that, 不用who。 Who is the man that is shouting there? She is not the girl that she used to be.,NOTE,3) This is the book whose cover is blue.,4. whose 在从句中作定语

13、，指人或物,1) Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.,2) This is the boy whose composition the teacher talked of .,关系代词which，whom 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常有 “介词+which（或whom）”引出。,Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.,This is the old man from whom weve learnt a lot.,(

14、1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 先行词有两个，既有人也有物，要用that。 We were talking about the persons and things that we remembered in our school.,关系代词that 和which的区别,1.宜用that引导的定语从句,(3) 如

15、果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如： This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing

16、that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。,2. 宜用which引导的定语从句 当定语从句的介词提前时，要用which。 The house in which they lived last year has been rebuilt. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which。 He bought a railway ticket for the woman, which helped her a lot.,as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and t

17、hat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.,Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. heIt rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as

18、 D. it,(3)当先行词受such, the same，as, so 修饰时，常用asI have never heard such a story as he tells.He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as I lost last week.注意： 当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。She

19、wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。,as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1) as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。,As is known to all

20、, .,关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。,准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 Is this the museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 2. Is this the museum _ the exhib

21、ition was held.A. where B. that C. on whichD. the one,判断改错1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 3. This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. 4. Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the count

22、ryside.,F,F,T,T,区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句,2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分(1) T

23、he news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.,3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teach

24、er for advice is wonderful. (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.,在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词有时代替修饰的不是前面 的名词或代词，而是前面的整一句话。这种关系代词只有 两个: which, as,Alice received an invitation

25、from her boss, _ came as a surprise. it B. that C. which D. he _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What,区别： a. which 只能放在句中， 而as 从句则还可以放在句首或句中。,b. 从意义上讲，which 意为“这一点, 而as 却可表示” 正如那样“， 有些as从句已成了固定句型, 如：,as we all know, as is kno

26、wn to all, as you say, as I can see, as is reported, as you may have heard ,Exercises Look at the lady _ name is Pochi. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that Those pictures _ were drawn by Tom are nice. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which The girl _ could sing well went to Europe. A. who B. whose C. whom D.

27、whom,Revising Useful structures, Non- Restrictive Attributive Clause,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整.一般用逗号把主句和从句分开,引导词：who,whom,whose,which,of which,when,where等，不用that,不能省略,引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略,一、,1. I was the only person in my office w

28、ho was invited. 我是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人。,试比较：,2. His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. 他的狗当时很老了, 生病后就死了。,3. Yesterday I met Li Lei, who seemed to be very busy. 昨天我碰上李雷了,他好象很忙。,(如果把从句部分去掉, 整个句子的含义就变了),限定性定语从句,(去掉从句, 主句的意义仍然完整:他的狗生病死了。)非限定性定语从句,(去掉从句, 意义仍然完整:昨天我碰上李雷了。)非限定性定语从句,二. 非限制性定语从句中的一些问题

29、： a. 非限制性定语从句中, 指物时, 用which而不用that。 1) Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 2) All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.,b. 指人时主格用who,宾格用whom,物主格用whose(也可指物)。 Miss Howe, whom you met in the library, is our new teacher. 2) Th

30、e Arabs, who are famous for their horses and camels, use these animals for work and in sports. 3) Li Ming, whose mother has been ill for two days, is absent from school today.,c. 另外关系副词when(指时间), where (指地点)也可以引导非限制性定语从句(注意关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句)。,1) He lives in the city, where there is a high tower. 2

31、) The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949, when he was born.,d. 介词加关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句。,1) Wu Dong, with whom I went to see the film, enjoyed it very much. 2) Her bag, in which she put all her books, has not been found. 3) The story about the Long March, of which this is an example, are well

32、 written.,1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which. it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。,C,Exercises,2.The weather turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it which

33、可代替句子, 用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句, it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。,B,3. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. that B. which C. as D. it 4. She is a teacher of much knowledge, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom,B,D,5. China has ma

34、ny rivers, _the Changjiang River is the longest. A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which,C,6. A. Pisa is a city, _ has a leaning tower. B. Pisa is a city, _there is a leaning tower. A. which B. that C. where D. there,A,C,7. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_ ,of

35、 course, made the others unhappy.,Who B. which C. this D. what,8. Do you know the reason _ he was late?,that B. which C. for what D. for which,B,D,9. I have bought two ball pens , _ writes well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. none of them D. neither of them,B,10. The English play _ my stude

36、nts acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which,C,2008 全国高考真题回顾,（福建卷）31. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which,湖南卷）31. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ a