高三语法复习：冠、数.ppt

1、2004年高三第二轮语法复习,冠 词,丹阳市珥陵高级中学,2.1 不定冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做n 1) 表示“一个”，意为one；表示单位 Rome wasnt built in a day. 2) 用在 Mr. / Mrs.

2、/ Miss + 姓氏前,表示 a certain A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.,3) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.4) 用在quite, rather, many, half, what, such 等词后. Many a boy is swimming. The village is half an hours walk from here. 5) 用在 so (as / too / how etc.) +形容词之后 How interesting

3、 a film it is! ( How interesting the film is!) He is not so / as good a driver as you. 6) 用a / an + 抽象名词，表示“一件 的事, “一个. 的人” He is a success. Its a shame It is a pleasure for me to work with you.,7) 用a / an + 物质名词，表示“一点、一份、一些”等。 a smile 一丝微笑 a rain 一场雨 make a noise 制造一点噪音 Id like to have an ice-cream

4、. 我想来一份冰淇淋。 8) 词组或成语。a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile of/ a great many / many a / as a rule / as a matter of fact / at a blow / at a loss / at a distance / in a way / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / for a while / have a cold / have a hand in / l

5、end a hand / have a word with / have a say in / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden / make a living / take a walk (rest / bath) / take an interest in / take a chance / make a name for oneself,2.2 定冠词的用法 定冠词 the 与指示代词 this，that同源，有 “那(这)个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Tak

6、e the medicine.2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house.Ive been to the house.3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）在有限制性定语修饰的名词前： The restaurant where I had my dinner last night is bad.,5）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，特别是在表示发明物 的名词词前。如： the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸； Alexander Graham Bell invented the phone in 1

7、876. 6）与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人： the rich 富人; the living 生者。 7）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： - Where do you live? - I live on the second floor. Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 8）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school. (指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师),9）表示所有，相当

8、于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名 词前：She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。10）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶 级等专有名词前： the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国11）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。12) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 13）用在某些表示民族、阶级、阶层的名词前。如： the Chinese the English the working c

9、lass,14）用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或惯用语中. on the left (right) in the west in the end in the morning 15）表示江河 ，山川群岛，海峡海湾 the Dead Sea the Persian Gulf the Sahara the Straits of Taiwan 但表示湖泊的名词前要注意冠词的用法 the West Lake Lake Baikal 16) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow,

10、the other day, at the same time, the day before yesterday,the next morning, by the way, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark,in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole, at the latest, by the hour, in the long way, to tell the truth,2.3 零冠词的用法 1）在表示国名、人名地名的专有名词前

11、通常不用定冠词： England，Mary, China (但国名的全称除外) 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，用零冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词； Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。 5）名词前有物主代词，指示代词，不定代词,名词所有 格等限制时不加冠词。如： This is my book.,6）在季节、月份

12、、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间 的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 但 festival 前须加 the. 如： After New Years Day, the Chinese people are preparing for the coming Spring Festival. 7）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词作宾补、同位语 或表语前不加冠词； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。8）在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加 冠

13、词 如：have breakfast， play chess 9）表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词。如： Chinese, English 但用了language 就需用 the.,10）成对使用的名词并用时，常省去冠词； side by side, father and son, from east to west, I cant write without pen or pencil. 11）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时， 中间无冠词；by bus，by train，on foot； 12）在表示颜色的名词前不用冠词。如： Why did you write in penci

14、l but not with a pen? 13）有些个体名词用不用冠词意思不同；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed， table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接 置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义时不用 冠词； go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital 不一定去看病，而是有其他目的,14）不用冠词的序数词；a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first, first of

15、all, from first to last 15）有些惯用语中不用冠词。如： at present / at table / at first / in effect / by heart / lose heart / by mistake / in return / in fear / in honour of / in danger / in peace / in short / in trouble / in debt / at war / by way of / by chance / on sale / on duty / on board / on guard / on han

16、d / out of job / with ease / without question / catch fire / set sail / at hand / at risk,2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫,2.5 冠词的位置 不定

17、冠词的位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.,quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其

18、后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前 后均可。如：quite a lot 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生

19、都出去了。,2004年高三第二轮语法复习,数 词,丹阳市珥陵高级中学,表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词 1）基数词写法和读法：345 three hundred and forty-five； 12,035,548 twelve million thirty five thousand five hundred and forty-eight 2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数： a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用， 如: scores of people 指许多人； b.

20、在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。,c. 表示“几十岁”；in his thirties d. 表示“年代”，用 in + the + 数词复数； in the 1990s in the nineteen ninetiese. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里， 如：3 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.二、序数词序数词的缩写形式： first-1stsecond-2nd thirty-first-31st a hundred - a hundredth 三、注意几个

21、特殊数词的表达方式 four fourteen forty fourth five fifteen fifty fifth nine nineteen ninety ninth twelve twelfth - twenty twenties - twentieth,三、 数词的用法1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj.原级 + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length) of The earth is 49 times the

22、size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。,d. 主语 + 谓语 + 倍数（数量词）junior (senior) + to I am four years senior to my younger brother. e. 还可以用 by + 倍数，表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increas

23、ed by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子等于1时，分母序数词用单数，分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,历 年 高 考 试 题 选,冠词 Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places. (1993 N) A. the the B. / /C. the /D. / the 2. She is _ newcomer

24、 to _ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries. (1994 N) A. the theB. the /C. a /D. a the 3. Wouldnt it be _ wonderful world if all nations lived in _ peace with one another? (1994 N) A. a /B. the /C. a theD. the the 4. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in

25、_ international trade today. (1996 N) A. a theB. the anC. the theD. / the,C,C,A,A,5. - Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. - Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. (1997 N) A. a the B. the the C. a aD. the a 6. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the count

26、ry in _ thirteenth century. (1999 N) A. the /B. the theC. / theD. / / 7. Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food. (2000 N) A. the aB. / aC. the theD. / the 8. Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny. (2000 北京春季) A. /

27、 aB. the /c. / /D. the the,C,C,B,D,9. The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used. (2001 N) A. the theB. the /C. / theD. / / 10. Mr. Smith, theres a man at _ front door who says he has _ news for you of great importance. (2001 北京春季) A. the /B. the theC. / /D. / th

28、e 11. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _ leg. A. a B. one C. theD. his 12. His daughter is always shy in _ and she never dares to make a speech to _. (2001 上海春季) A. the public the publicB. public the public C. the public publicD. public public,B,A,C,B,13. Jumping out of _ airplane at t

29、en thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience. (2002 N) A. / theB. / anC. an anD. the the 14. I dont like talking on _ telephone; I prefer writing _ letters. A. a theB. the /C. the theD. a / 15. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation. (02 上

30、海) A. / B. theC. aD. one 16. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. (2002 上海春季) A. a aB. the theC. a . theD. the a,C,B,C,C,数词 With the help of the German experts, the factory produced _cars in 1993 as the year before. (94上海) A. as twice many B. as man