油阀座 加工工艺及钻φ10.5孔夹具设计带CAD原图
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油阀座
加工工艺及钻φ10.5孔夹具设计带CAD原图
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外文文献原文Mechanical processing is introduced1. Lathe The lathe is mainly for the car round face and boring, car and so on a work and design of machine tools. Turning in rarely on other kinds of machine tools, and any other machine tools are not like lathe so easily turning processing. Because of the lathe can also be used to drilling and reaming, lathe versatility can make the work piece in an installation of complete several processing. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.Lathe basic parts are: lathe bed、spindle box components、the tailstock components、slip board components and screw and light poles. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It can often is by after a full normalizing or aging treatment of ductile iron of grey or into. It is a strong rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Usually in bed body have two set of parallel rails inside. Some manufacturers are using to all four guide rails the triangle guide pointed (i.e. prefecture, and some factory guide) in a group or is in both groups are using a triangle guide and a rectangular guide. Guide to machine to guarantee their straightness precision. In order to resist wear and scratches, most modern tools of guide is through the surface hardening, but during operation should also be careful to avoid damage guide. Guide rail, any error means the whole machine precision often undermined. Spindle box installed in the fixed position medial guide, usually left end of the bed. It provides power, and can make the work piece under various speed in turn. It basically consists of a installed in the hollow shaft and precision bearing a series of change gear (similar to the truck gearbox) together. Through the sliding gears, spindle can swim in the many kinds of rotating speed. Most of the lathe have 8 12 kinds of speed, general form. According to arrange series But in the modern machine just pull (2 4 handle, can get full speed. A growing trend is through the electrical or mechanical device speed. Due to the accuracy of machine tool depends largely on spindle, spindle structure size is larger, normally installed in pre-tightening after the heavy tapered roller bearings or ball bearings. Axis in a full-length through-hole throughout, long bar stock through the hole can be feeding. The size of the Lord when an important dimension is lathe, so when the work-piece must be through the main when material feeding, it confirms that can process the maximum size of the blank bar feeders. The tailstock component mainly consists of three parts. The inside of the motherboard and lathe bed rails, can be in guide with the mobile longitudinally. Floor has a can make whole the tailstock component clamping device at any position. The tailstock bodies are installed at the bottom, along some type of the keyway in floor , make the tailstock the spindle with spindle box for positive. The tailstock third part is the tailstock sleeve. It is a diameter usually at about 51 76mm (2 3 inches) between steel hollow cylinder. Through the spindle and screw, the tailstock sleeve can in the tailstock body and move the longitudinal a few inches move. The lathe with two dimensions specifications said. The first called lathe bed surface the largest machining diameter. This is able to rotate in lathe of the biggest diameter work piece. It is about two top attachment and guide rail of the distance of the nearest point two times. The second size is the maximum distance between the two top. Lathe bed surface in the largest machining diameter says the biggest to turning lathe, and two top diameter work piece is the maximum distance between two top means in between the work piece can be installed the maximum length. Ordinary lathe is in the production of the most frequently used lathes type. They have all those in front of Syracuse, and heavy machine parts, all except for small knife tools outside the sport has motor feed. Their specifications are usually: lathe bed face biggest process diameter for 305 610mm (12 to 24 inches); But, the bed surface to the largest machining diameter 1270mm (50 inches) and the distance between the two top 3658mm lathe is not to unusual. Most of these lathes are installed in the plate and a scraps internal cooling fluid circulation system. Small plain lathe bed face biggest - lathe machining diameter usually less than 330mm (13 inches) is designed, and its bench-type lathe bed installed in a table or on the cabinet. Although there are many USES, ordinary lathe is very useful, but the machine tool and replacement and adjust to measure the work piece spending a lot of time, so they are not suitable for mass production application. Usually, their actual processing time is less than 30% of its total processing time. In addition, need skilled workers to operate ordinary lathe, the workers salary high and difficult to hire. However, most of the time but operating workers spend on simply repeating adjustment and observation on scraps process. Therefore, in order to reduce or totally not to hire this kind of skilled workers, hex lathe, threaded processing lathe and other types of semi-automatic and automatic lathe has well developed, and has been widely applied in production. 2. Digital control One of the advanced manufacturing technologies, the basic concept is numerical control (NC). In the numerical control technology there before all of the machine tool is artificially manipulation and control. With artificially controlled machine tools in many of the limitations on the skills, the operator is probably the most prominent problem. Using artificial control is directly with the product, the quality of the skills related. Operator Digital control from artificially controlled machine tool represents the first step came out. Digital control means that USES preliminary recording, storage of symbolic instruction to control machine tools and other manufacturing system. A nc technician job is not to manipulate tools, but that produces a machine manipulation instructions written the program. For a NC machine tool, it must Ann have a known as reading machine interface device used to accept and interpret the programming instructions. Development of numerical control technology is in order to overcome the limitations of human operator, and it really finished the work. Digital control machine than artificially manipulated the machine precision higher, produce parts consistency better, faster, and long-term production technology and equipment costs less. CNC technology development led to the manufacturing process several other new inventions in the generation: Electrical discharge machining technology, laser cutting, electron beam welding digital control also makes machines used artificially exercise than their predecessors use of more widely. A numerical control machine tool can automatic production many kind of parts, each parts can have different and complicated process. NC can make manufacturers undertake those for the artificially controlled machine tools and technology, it is not economically cost-effective products production tasks. As with many advanced technology, CNC was born in MIT lab. NC this concept is in early 1950s under a grant from the United States air force brought out. In its initial price section, NC machine tools can economic and efficient straight-line cutting. However, the curve track becomes a problem of the machine tool should be used when programming, in a series of horizontal and vertical steps to generate curve. Each of the steps counting constitutes the shorter and more smooth curve. Each of the steps line must pass calculation. For this problem, in 1959 automatic programming tools (born APT) language has born. This is a special suitable for CNC programming languages, use similar to English sentences to define parts geometric shape, describe the shape and provisions cutting tools necessary movements. APT language research and development is in the numerical control technology further development in a big improvement. Initial CNC system and application of the numerical control system is today, there was a big difference between. At the time of machine tools, only have hard line logic circuit. Instruction program written in perforated tape (it was later replaced by plastic band), adopt take reading machine will be written on paper tape or tape on instructions to machine translation. All these together constitute a digital control machine have the great progress. However, in this stage of the numerical control development still have many problems. A major problem is the easy attaint sex punched paper tape. In machining process, carrying programming instructions information tape fracture and were ripped is common things. In every processing a parts on the machine, all needs will carrying programming instructions tape into reading machine to run again. Therefore, the problem becomes very serious. If needs to make 100 some parts, it should be a tape by reading machine 100 times respectively. Easy attaint tape obviously cannot withstand severe worthy workshop environment and the repeated use. This led to a kind of special plastic tape development. By adopting a series on the tape to produce holes in carrying programming instructions, and by using a series of plastic with magnetic point narrowed carrying programming instructions. The strength of the plastic belt than the intensity of paper tape is much higher, this can solve common torn and fracture problem. However, it still has two problems. One of the most important questions is, with instructions to input to the amendment is very difficult, or is simply impossible. Even the most minor procedure to commands the adjustment, also must interrupt processing, making a new band. And by using reading machine with The Times must also and need the same number of parts processing. Fortunately, the practical application of computer technology in the numerical control technology resolved soon with perforated tape and plastic belt pertinent questions. In form the direct numerical control (DNC) this concept later, can no longer using paper tape or plastic zone as the carrier of programming instructions, thus solved the related problems. In direct numerical control, a few tool machine through the data transmission on receiving a chromatic main computer. Manipulating these machines need procedures are stored in this one host computer. When required, through the data transmission lines provide each machine tool. Direct numerical control is in perforated tape and plastic belt on the basis of a big improvement. However, it is trust in the Lord with other with the limitations of computer technologies like. The main computer malfunction by the control of all machines will stop working. This problem prompted computer numerical control technology production. The development of the microprocessor for programmable logic controller and microcomputer development prepared well. These two kinds of technology for computer numerical control (CNC) hair and lay the foundation. After using CNC technology, each machine has a programmable logic controller or the digital control microcomputer. This allows the program is input and stored in every tool machine inside. It can still outside the machine, and the program downloaded to each machine tool. Computer numerical control solved the main computer failure brought about by the problem, but it has another called data management problem. The same program may be individually in polythene ten mutual communication was not the microcomputer. This problem is the currently solution, it is through using among local area network will link up with each microcomputer, to better data management. 3. Turning processing Ordinary lathe as the first metal cutting machine, and is still a kind of known and has many useful properties and characteristics of needed for people. Now, these machine mainly USES in the factory in a small, small batch production, rather than volume production. In the modern production workshops, ordinary lathe has been a wide variety of automatic lathes, such as automatic copy replaced fractal lathe, hex lathe and automatic screw lathe. Now, design personnel already knows how to make a single blade knives of metal removal, and by using the molding tool headroom get surface finish and precision of the processing method advantages. The processing method production speed and now used in the fastest factory of machining equipment speed equal. Ordinary lathe with deviation mainly depends on the degree of the skilled operator. The design engineer should seriously by skilled workers is determined on the plain lathe machining test pieces of tolerance. In the test for production parts design again, should choose economic tolerances. Hex lathe: production and processing equipment, it to more attention than the past now whether it has to evaluate its precise and rapid repeat processing ability. Application of this standard to evaluate concrete processing methods, hex lathe can obtain higher quality evaluation. For small batch in the parts (100 to 200 pieces), the design and machining method is the most economical hex lathe. In order to obtain the lathe as small as possible with the tolerance values, designers should as far as possible the number of processes will be minimized. Automatic screw lathe: automatic screw lathe is usually divided into the following several types: screw automatically, the single-spindle automatic and automatic clamping lathe. Automatic screw lathe was originally used to with threaded screw and similar parts for automation and rapid tooling. However, this lathe purposes would have more than the narrow scope. Now, it is in many kinds of precision components of mass production of plays an important role. The number of work piece to adopt the automatic screw lathe machining parts of the economy that have a major influence. If the number of work piece in 1000 pieces, hex lathes than in automatic screw lathe machining much want economy in processing. If the calculated minimum economic batch, and choose correct for work piece batch machine, can reduce parts processing cost. Automatic copy form lathe: because parts surface roughness depends largely on whether the work piece material, tools, feeding and cutting speed, adopts automatic copy form lathe processing get minimum tolerance must be the most economic tolerances. In some cases, in the continuous production process, only when a cutting the tolerance can reach 0.05 mm. For some parts, groove wider tolerance can achieve 0.125 mm. Boring and Hugh single blade knives with precision, tolerance can achieve premium mm. Hoping to gain the maximum principal amount in the mass production, diameter and length of turning the minimum for tolerance values of 0.125 mm is economic. 外文文献中文翻译机械加工介绍1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。车床基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。床身是车床的基础件。它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有812种转速，一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动24个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾座组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在5176mm（23英寸）之间的钢制空心圆柱体。通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。第一个称为车床的床面上最大加工直径。这是在车床上能够旋转的工件的最大直径。它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大工件直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产中最经常使用的车床种类。它们是具有前面所叙的所有那些部件的重载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。它们的规格通常是：车床床面上最大加工直径为305610mm（1224英寸）；但是，床面上最大加工直径达到1270mm（50英寸）和两顶尖之间距离达到3658mm的车床也并不少见。这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。小型的普通车床车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过330mm（13英寸）-被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。通常，它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时间的30%。此外，需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床，这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。然而，操作工人的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑过程上。因此，为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。2数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制是，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工操纵的机器精度更高、生产出零件的一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生：电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很多类的零件，每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算的产品生产任务。同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是50年代初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。在其最初的价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。构成台阶的每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每一个线段都必须经过计算。在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。APT语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。最初的数控系统与今天应用的数控系统是有很大差别的。在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。指令程序写
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