英美概况第二讲(UK History).ppt

1、The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家社会与文化入门,An Introduction to the Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries,Lanzhou Jiaotong University Liu Hong,Chapter 2 History,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,The Rise and Fall of the British

2、Empire,Transition to the Modern Age,II,III,CONTENT,The Founding of the Nation,I,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented) 9,000 years ago part of E-Continent about 3,100 BC the native Neolithic people (Stonehenge),Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric

3、monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,100 years ago, dragging each stone into place.,Stonehenge and its Statue,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,The name of BritainBritons Tribal society Celtic Language (Irish Gae

4、lic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh),1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC),First invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BC Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain LeftGermanic barbarians attacked Rome, forc

5、ing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century),Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, 恺撒大帝, 100 BC-44 BC) Changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. Launched a series of poli

6、tical and social reforms. Assassinated by a group of nobles.,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century),Julius Caesar,Capable administrators the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on th

7、e statute books of England and Wales. Contained 63 clauses. Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today,1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta),Provisions of Oxford limiting the Kings

8、 power by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council (枢密院) Parlerto talk Official formation of the two houses of parliament: House of Lords House of Commons,1.2.2 Birth of Parliament,a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted

9、 the concept of English nationalism promoted the development of the textile industry raised the social position of the bourgeois class,1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453),House of York (约克王朝) Younger branch of the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) of England. reigned over England from 1461-1485 The symbo

10、l of the House of York was a white rose because in Christian symbolism, white is the symbol of light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory. House of Lancaster (兰开斯特王朝) a branch of the house of Plantagenet. The badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary, wh

11、o was often called the Mystical Rose of Heaven. It won the Wars of the Roses.,1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453),A war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It reduced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. The House

12、of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603).,1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485),House of Tudor (都铎王朝) An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603 Marked by Henry VIIIs break with th

13、e papacy (教皇) in Rome (1534) and the beginning of the English Reformation The period witnessed the high point of the English Renaissance.,1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485),Transition to the Modern Age,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,2.1 Religious Reformation,Reasons2 religious camps

14、: Catholic and Protestant Immediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorce Act of Supremacy Henry VIII“the only supreme head of the church of England” In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.,Henry VIII,King Henry VIII (1491-1547) King of England (1509-1547), who presided over

15、the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. His attempt to divorce his first wife is the immediate cause of the Reformation. In 1534, he declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.,2.1 Religious Reformation,Henry VIII,Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Her

16、 reign is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate. In religion she was relatively tolerant. Consolidated the Church of England. Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence.,Elizabeth,2.1 Religious Reformation,Golden Age of English Histo

17、ry England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts. The age of exploration: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.,2.1 Religious Reformation,parliamentary clashes over

18、 monopolies the monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven years.,The various classes in England soon split up into two camps: Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentic

19、es, peasants King: gentry, big landlords and monopolists,2.1 Religious Reformation,the civil war (1642-1651) Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王党人) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圆颅党人) Result: the monarchy was abolished England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republic,2.2 The Civil War,The

20、Commonwealth (1649-1660) Cromwell, the head of the Commonwealth Conservative in social reforms and protected property ownership In 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.,2.2 The Civil War,Cromwell,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,Restorati

21、on: 1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order 1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism,Glorious Revolution 1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary 1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament) removed the ruling monarch and established

22、 Constitutional Monarchy,Bill of Rights (人权法案) Formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown (1689) passed by the Parliament in 1689 The main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of James II Significance: limiting the power of the

23、 monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,Seven Years War (1756-1763) considered as the first global conflict in history involving most of the great powers of the time, such as Britain, France, Austria, Sweden, and Spain. Causes: overlapping in

24、terests in their colonial and trade empires between Britain and France, and territorial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasons: huge market colonies in America and

25、Indiacapital enclosure movementlabor A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning Jenny Water frame Spinning mule Power loom Steam engine,Spinning Jenny,Power loom,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,Means of Transportation canals were du

26、g to ship goods the steam locomotive was invented in 1814 the first railway was completed in 1825 large merchant fleet,Steam Engine,Merchant Fleet,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.,The influence: Britain changed in man

27、y ways dramatically increased industrial productivity,the process of urbanization changes in the social class structure the conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,The Rise and Fall of the British Empire,First British Empi

28、re: 19th Century It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies.,Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th Century Queen Victorias foreign policyNew Imperialism It included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and

29、 Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India” In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against China In Africa, controlled Suez Canal and conquered Egypt Union of South Africathe 4th dominion,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,Queen Vi

30、ctoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 1819-1901) Ruled from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in the Britain history (the Victorian Age) the Victorian Age: featured by tremendous achievements in almost every aspect Her foreign policyNew Imperialism, leads to the great expansion of the British Empire.,On the E

31、ve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled about a quarter of the worlds landmass. The British boasted that they had “an empire on which the sun never set”.,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,3.2 Britain in the World Wars,3.2.1 World War I,

32、By the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US. Two camps in Europe: Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and US The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo,Most countries support

33、the Allies Powers and Allies Powers won. The cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpower lost the sea supremacy a huge national debt,3.2.1 World War I,Germanylaunching a plan to conquer Europe Britainappeasement declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 alliance with the Soviet

34、 Union and the United States Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945 great costlost its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States,3.2.2 World War II,Winston Churchill (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, 1874-1965) British statesman, orator, and author. famous for his speechesTh

35、e famous line “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” comes from his first speech as Prime Minister. As the Prime Minister (1940-45, 1951-55), he rallied the British people during World War II and led Britain from the brink of defeat to victory.,3.2.2 World War II,Winston Churchi

36、ll,Independence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies),3.3 The Fall of the Empire,Britain since World War II,One of the Big Three after WWII Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in

37、 the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe 由英国前首相温斯顿丘吉尔提出的英国在第二次世界大战后初期的外交战略。其主旨是企图通过英国在与美国、英联邦和联合起来的欧洲这三个环节中的特殊联系，充当三者的联结点和纽带，以维护英国的传统利益和大国地位。,4.1. “Three Majestic Circles”,NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance estab

38、lished by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) on April 4, 1949 During the Cold WarNATOs primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies military response to a possible invasion by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (华约). In the post-Cold War erato fo

39、ster dialog and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in Europe Britain joined the NATO in 1949.,4.1. “Three Majestic Circles”,Margaret Thatcher Reestablished “special relationship” with the United States against European integration,Tony Blair more positiv

40、e towards Europe (but refused to join the Euro) further strengthened the close relationship with the United States,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Cartoon: The Special Relationship between Britannia & Uncle Sam,Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔, 1925-2013) Britains first female prime minister who

41、 served three consecutive terms in office (1979-1990). the Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. She accelerated the evolution of the British economy from statism (国家主义) to liberalism.,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Margaret Thatc

42、her,Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔, 1925-2013) Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (放松管制), flexible labor markets, the privatization of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Died of a stroke on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87.,

43、Margaret Thatcher,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, 1953- ) Served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997-2007. Pursued a more positive policy toward Europe yet refuse to adopt the euro in 1999. Strengthened the close relationship with th

44、e United States and joined the U.S. in many military actions, such as the “Operation Desert Storm” in 1991.,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Tony Blair,50 Things You Need to Know About British History,In date order： Stonehenge 3100 BC Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD St Augustine and Chri

45、stianity 3th King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 878 Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066 Magna Carta and trial by jury 1215 Declaration of Arbroath 1314 Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 Peasants Revolt 1381 The longbows at Agincourt 1415,Religious Settlement 1559 Sir Francis Drake and the defe

46、at of the Spanish Amrada 1588 Shakespeare 1564 Gunpowder Plot 1605 Plantation of Ulster 1611 Execution of Charles I 1649 Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights 1688 The Bank of England 1694 Act of Union 1707 Britains first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 1721,50 Things You Need to Know About British History,Gin craze and British drink culture 1729 The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 1757 Longitude 1759 Watts Steam Engine 1765 Arkwrights Spinning Frame 1769 Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 1776 The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of America 1781 Nelsons death