必修4 Unit1 Grammar.ppt

1、U1P4 Grammar Subject-verb Agreement,The boy _ diving.,They _ diving.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,All of them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises:,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,is,Mike,Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Both Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Neither Mi

2、ke nor Bob _a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,All of them _ workers.,None of them _ (know) how to teach English.,are,knows/know,Subject-Verb Agreement 主谓一致,“主语+ 附属结构” 作主语，谓语与主语一致,即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。,即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数， 因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式 上为复数，

3、但表示单数意义，这时谓语 动词用单数形式。,即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式， 取决于最靠近它的主语。,语法一致,意义一致,就近原则,就远原则,即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。,语法一致,1.当主语由and 连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词无冠词；如表示不同的人或物时, 谓语动词用复数，此时and后面的名词有冠词。,The worker and writer _(be) from Wuhan. 那个工人兼作家 The worker and the writer _(be) from Beijing

4、. 那位工人和那位作家,is,are,（一）谓语动词为单数的情况,A knife and fork_ used to have meals.,is,The singer and dancer _ on the stage.,is,Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit. 晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 Whether well go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好坏。,2. 非谓语动词（不定式或动名词短语）、名词性从句作主语 时, 谓语动

5、词常用单数。例如：,1. Reading English papers and magazines _ helpful to our study of English. (is/ are) 2. Whether he comes or not _ of no matter. (is /are) 3. To say _ one thing; to do _another. (is/are) 4. Listening, speaking, reading and writing _four skills for English study. (is/are) 5. Where to find th

6、e plant and what to do with it _ still the problems to settle. (is/are),is,is,is,is,are,are,Something _ (has / have) gone wrong with my watch. Anybody who _ ( break / breaks) the rule will be punished.,3.不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no

7、 one, nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式;,has,breaks,2every and (every), each and (each) , no and (no), many a and (many a)连接两个单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。,Every desk and every chair is made of wood. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake.,3one/every one /each/either/ the number+of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Each of the stude

8、nts has a book. 4 clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等无生命的集合名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area. 5单数名词、抽象名词、物质名词作主语。,（二）谓语动词为复数的情况,1. 由and 连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。 Both bread and butter are sold out. 2. people , police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词作主语。 The p

9、olice are looking for the missing child. 3. goods, stairs, arms 等名词作主语。,4由山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等s 结尾的专有名词作主语。 The Olympic Games are held once every four years. 5. a number of /quantities of /a group of +名词作主语,Two pictures _ on the wall, which attract many people. On the wall _ two pictures, which attract man

10、y people. Their teacher _ among the students, who is in her thirties. Among the students _ their teacher, who is in her thirties.,（三）倒装句中的语法一致,are,are,stands,stands,意义一致,即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。,1.由集体名词,如group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd,

11、 audience, club, party, crew等作主语时,强调整体用单数，强调个体成员用复数。 His family is very large. 他家是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。,意义一致：,The team _ some good players. (have) The team _ handsome. (be),has,are,1.The research group (is, are) made up of five people.,2.What (do, does) the group want for

12、their lunch?,3.Our family (is, are) not poor any more.,4.He has to worry. His family (is, are) waiting for him.,5.The class (is, are) more than forty in number.,is,do,is,are,is,6.The class (have, has) disagreed among themselves about where they should go and have a picnic.,7.The government (has, hav

13、e) spent more than two million yuan in planting trees.,8.The city government ( has, have) different opinions about next years plan.,have,has,have,注意：但集体名词为 people, police, cattle等在多数情况下谓语动词都用复数形式。,9.The police _ (is, are) searching for the thief.,are,Neither dog _ big. ( A. is B. are ),Neither of th

14、em _ big.,A,Neither of the rabbits _ handsome.,A / B,Neither rabbit _ handsome.,A,A / B,2. all , none, neither, some , any 等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。,All are present . All the food tastes good.,neither of none of,不可数名词,+可数名词,neither + 单数名词,谓语动词用单数或复数,How to use none and neither？,谓语动词用单数,谓语动词用单数,3.Neither

15、of us _ (was/were) ready when the party began. 4. None of them _ (has/have) watched the talk show.,have/has,was/were,1.None of these people _ doctors. A. has B. have C. are D. was 2.Neither of them _ a good singer. A. was B. is C. were D. is used to be,C,B,3.表示时间、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时, 谓语动词则用单数形式;

16、 Two years _ passed since I left Ningbo; One million dollars _ a great sum of money.,Every means _ been tried since then. has B. have C. are D. is 2. No news _ good news. (is / are) 3. Maths _ the subject that I like most. (is / are),4.以-s 结尾的名词，本身不表示复数意义，但表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。如news, mat

17、hs, physics, the United States ,works等作主语。,has,is,is,is,has,5means, works, pains等词，根据主语表达的概念而定。 The steel works is near the station. Two new steel works are being built. 6kind, sort , pair ，type +名词作主语，以这些名词本身的单复数而定。 7. half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/ 分数、百分数+of +名词作主语,谓语动词的形式与of

18、 后面的名词的数一致。,Ten percent of the pupils _ absent today. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth _ sea.,are,is,高考链接,1.As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.(上海） number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have 精析：a large number of 后面要接复数名词，所以A不能作为

19、答案因为desert是单数，所以要填 has这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案 B,2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are 精析: 分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示.如果分子大于1, 序数词后加-s. 分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词.句子中的主语 land是单数,所以谓语动词要用 is

20、 covered. 答案C.,3- Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. - So do I.（全国1998） hopes B. hope C. hoping D. do hope 精析：这句话的主语是 Each of the students，是单数，所以要 hopes 选作谓语。现在分词短语working hard at his or her lessons 作状语，表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把 lessons 当成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：

21、每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案 A。,4. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001） A. Several million B.Many millions C. Several millions D. Many million 精析：在Million前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。 Many一般不与 million等词连用，表示“数百万”，英语为 millions of。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递信息。”答案 A。

22、,e.g. Tom is one of the students who_ good at playing football. Tom is the only one of the students who_ good at playing football.,are,is,注意在“one of+复数名词+关系代词” 的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复数形式；但是若前有the only, 将其限定为只有一个时,谓语动词用单数形式.,8. “one of+复数名词+关系代词” 的结构,9.theadj.作主语,theadj.,表示一类人，谓语动词用复数，如the old, the young, t

23、he rich, the poor等 the+ adj.,表示某个人或一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用单数，如the beautiful, the good等 The old _ taken good care of in our society. The rich _ for the decision but the poor are against it. The wounded _ a young boy. The beautiful _not always the same as the good.,are,are,was,is,即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。,就

24、近原则,就近一致原则,由or , either or, neithernor, not onlybut also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常和靠近的作主语的名词单复数上保持一致。 Not only he but also I am invited. Neither my gloves nor my hat goes with the dress.,There are 56 desks and one television in our classroom. There is one television and 56 desks in our classroom.,存在句: There be

25、 . 结构,Here There,+Verb,A and B,A , B and C,Not only you but also he _ wrong. (is/are),Neither you nor he _ right. (is/are),There _ two shops and a cinema beside the railway station. (is/are),Here _ a map and a handbook for you. (is/are),is,is,are,is,_,1One or two days _ enough to see the city Ais Ba

26、re Cam Dbe,2Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film Ais Bare Cam Dbe,3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another A. is B. are Cam Dbe,4. Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind Ais B. are Ca

27、m Dbe,5. Either she or you_ going to visit Beijing.,A. is B. are Cam Dbe,6. Many a man_ the story.A. believes B. believe 7.More than one man _died in the accident.A. has B. have 8.More than five men _died in the accident.A. has B. have,A,A,B,就远原则,“主语+ 附属结构” 作主语，谓语与主语一致,在主语+with, along with, together

28、 with , as well as, as much as, no less/more than, like, rather than, but ,except, besides, ,including+名词 结构中，谓语动词的单复数和前面的主语保持一致。,就远原则,1. The teacher with two students _ at the meeting . (was / were),2.E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.,A. is playing B. ha

29、ve played C. are playing D. play,was,A,1Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been 2A woman with some children _ soon Ais coming Bare coming Chas come Dhave come 3. Everything, including the clothes, _ stolen that evening. A. is B. was C. are D. were,7No one

30、 except my parents _anything about this. Aknow Bknows Cis known Dare known 8The teacher as well as the students _ the book already Ahas read Bhave read Care reading Dis reading 9All but one _ in the accident Awas killed Bwere killed Cwill be killed Dare killed,1One or two days _ enough to see the ci

31、ty Ais Bare Cam DBe 2Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind Ais Bare Cam Dbe,Exercises:,3Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another Ais Bare Cam Dbe 4Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film A

32、is Bare Cam Dbe,Exercises:,5Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been 6A woman with some children _ soon Ais coming Bare coming Chas come Dhave come,Exercises:,7No one except my parents _ anything about this. Aknow Bknows Cis known Dare known 8The teacher as well as the students _ the book already Ahas read Bhave read Care reading Dis reading 9All but one _ in the accident Awas killed Bwere killed Cwill be killed Dare killed,10. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examinatio