Cryogenic Refrigeration Costs and Prospects.ppt

1、23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Cryogenic Refrigeration Costs and Prospects K Nathan Hill Managing Director, Qi3 nathan.hillqi3.co.uk,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Contents,The cryogenic challenge Where are the manufacturers coming from? Cryocooler development targets Whos active in the area? Concludi

2、ng remarks,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,U.S. Patent Office; “Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue”; Raymond Damadian 1974,A modern MRI magnet, 2003,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,October 6 2003: A respected physicist has been awarded a N

3、obel Prize for his continuing research into one of the most important breakthroughs in medical science. Sir Peter Mansfield the first Nottingham academic to receive such an accolade has been awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work in the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

4、to medical diagnosis - a breakthrough now recognized to be comparable with the discovery of x-rays. The award has been bestowed upon Sir Peter jointly with US researcher Professor Paul Lauterbur, also an international leader in the field of MRI. Many thousands of superconducting MRI systems are inst

5、alled around the world,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,Cryocoolers are in multiple use MRI shield cooling Gas liquefaction Device cooling Semiconductor applications Research cryostats So why not in HTS?,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,Funding for cooler de

6、velopment has come from Particle physics Astronomy and space science IR device cooling for defence applications Scientific research Detector cooling for industrial analysis Only one of these is pursued for truly commercial purposes (and its hardly a vast market),23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cry

7、ogenic challenge,Factors affecting cooling requirements Operating temperature Electric current dissipation (DC/AC) Leaks from the outside world Geometrical proportions Applications vary hugely, thus leading to requirement for many cooler types Several immature technologies are available Not enough d

8、emand “right now” for any single application Stalemate,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Patents,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Cryocooler development targets,Cryogenic systems providing 100-1000 Watts of cooling power at 65-80K are required if devices utilizing high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are

9、 to become a part of the national electric power delivery and utilisation system,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Cryocooler development targets,Primary targets,Source: Cryogenic Roadmap, U.S. Department of Energy Superconductivity Program For Electric Systems, Executive Summary June 2001),23.10.03,Sup

10、erconductivity UK,Cryocooler development targets,Secondary targets,Source: Cryogenic Roadmap, U.S. Department of Energy Superconductivity Program For Electric Systems, Executive Summary June 2001),23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,The “Cryogenic Assessment report” recommended tha

11、t: Standardization of power devices and concomitant cryocoolers can result in lower costs through higher volume production and product reliability Minimize cooled section moving parts in cryocooler designs, e.g., Stirling pulse tube Development of 1-2 kW cryocoolers (at 70-80K) able to operate at 30

12、% of Carnot and cost $25/W Increase end-user (utility and industrial managers) familiarity and comfort with cryogenic system operations, maintenance and safety issues.,Source: Gouge, M.J., et al.; “Final Draft: Cryogenics Assessment Report”, Oak Ridge National Labs April 9. 2002.,23.10.03,Supercondu

13、ctivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,Four standard systems proposed in the new DOE cryogenics initiative:,All with oil free compressors 25% Carnot efficiency and $60 per Watt at 65K,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,100-1000W 65-80K,Source: MJ Gouge talk at 2002 DOE wire workshop 22.1.02,23.10.03,Supercon

14、ductivity UK,The cryogenic challenge,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Costs,Source: Mulholland et al, DOE June 2003,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Costs,Source: Mulholland et al, DOE June 2003,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Market demand,Source: Mulholland et al, DOE June 2003,23.10.03,Superconductivity

15、UK,The market,Projected market demand for cryogenic refrigerators ($k),Source: Analysis of Future Prices and Markets For High temperature Superconductors (Mulholland et al, June 2003),23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,And do I believe market forecasts?,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Alliances,23.10.03,Su

16、perconductivity UK,The companies,Stirling BV Sumitomo Qdrive / Praxair Air Liquide Daiken APD Advanced Research Systems (ARS) CTI Suzuki Shogun Aisan Seiki Ricor This doesnt look quite so complicated when you focus on power applications,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The companies,Specifications For

17、Selected Large Cryocoolers,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,The companies,Specifications For Selected Large Cryocoolers Contd.,Source: Marty Nisenoff,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Cryomech,Cryomech, Inc. manufactures single and double-stage Gifford-McMahon and Pulse Tube cryorefrigerators. They have de

18、veloped the AL300 and the AL330, and claim that they have the highest efficiency and cooling capacity to date of any available GM cryocooler at temperatures from 20 to 60K. Current research includes the development of a new generation of Stirling-type (valveless) pulse tube cryocoolers for 60 to 80K

19、 and higher efficiency Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers for 20 to 40K Source: SpaceDaily 29.7.2003,Image copyright and courtesy Cryomech, Inc.,AL300 ColdHead-blue,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Stirling Cryogenics,Manufacture Stirling cycle coolers LPC 1-8 (1 stage): 500W 5.8kW 65K (4 models) GPC 1-4 (2 s

20、tage): 40-160W 20K, 100-400W 80K (2 models) Research ongoing in Stirling type Pulse Tube Coolers Recent Siemens project Siemens is testing High Temperature Superconducting Transformers for trains. These transformers operate at a temperature of 65K. Based on the SPC-4 cryogenerator, Stirling develope

21、d a cooling system using subcooled pressurized liquid nitrogen as a coolant. By using subcooled liquid nitrogen, no evaporation occurs and thus an optimal cooling of the transformer is established.,Image copyright and courtesy Stirling Cryogenics,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Qdrive,Develops acousti

22、c coolers (Stirling-type Pulse Tube Coolers) Linear drive is claimed to have benefits for reliability, eliminating lubricants and cold moving parts Licensed 1kW systems to Praxair to access market Praxair recently introduced a LN2 liquefier based on an “HTS3” 200W cooler for around $70k,The first 20

23、0W77Kmachine for HTS-3 (the large can on top is just vacuum, the drive is on the bottom),The first large unit (1200 watts at 130K, for LNG, on a 20kW drive), the basis for HTS-4,Images copyright and courtesy CFIC-Qdrive, 2003,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Helix CTI Cryogenics,See the market for vacu

24、um applications as more immediate and growing Recently acquired Granville-Phillips to provide vacuum measurement offering Some cold heads are used for HTS applications, but no focus in this area,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Other companies,APD Daiken? Ricor Hymatic ,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Th

25、ere are still cooler choices,Pulse tubes have their disadvantages: e.g. Cryomech GM-PTC 60W 77K has 3.8kW input GM60W 77K has 2.2kW input They expect to achieve 85% of GM efficiency e.g. Stirling Cryogenics Early Stirling PTC has 50% of the efficiency of a regular Stirling cryocooler,23.10.03,Superconductivity UK,Liquid cryogens,Systems can still use: Liquid cryogens Liquid cryogens with recondensors Liquid cryogens with shield coolers Liquid cryogens with miniature liquefiers LN2, subcooled LN2 63.5K Subcooled liquid air 57K