安托瓦纳·贝尔曼.ppt

1、Antoine Berman,Translation and the Trials of the Forign,翟配配,A brief introduction to Antoine Berman His important works Important terms: trial of the foreign, receiving the foreign as foreign,literal translation Bermans remarks before the negative analytic The negative analytic,Outline,Antoine Berman

2、,Antoine Berman(1942-1991) was a French theorist and translator of Latin American literature and German philosophy. His ideas has been highly influencial and has inspired current theorists such as Lawrance Venuti.,Important works,Lpreuve de ltranger: Culture et traduction dans lAllemagne romantique,

3、1984Translated into English asThe Experience of the Foreign:Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany,1992 异的考验：德国浪漫主义时期的文化与翻译 Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne, 1995 Translated into English as Toward a Translation Criticism:John Donne, 2009翻译批评论：约翰邓恩,Translation is the trial of the fo

4、reign.,This is in a double sense. 1. It establishes a relationship between the Self-Same (Propre) and the Foreign（l Etranger） by aiming to open up the foreign work to us in its utter foreignness. 2. Translation is a trial for the Foreign as well, since the foreign work is uprooted from its own langu

5、age-ground. And this trial, often an exile, can also exhibit the most singular power of the translating act: to reveal the foreign works most original kernel, its most deeply buried, most self-same, but equally the most distant from itself.,Receiving the Foreign as Foriegn,在贝尔曼的翻译思想中，翻译的目的不再是完成交流、传

6、和介绍，而是完成一种伦理行为。 The properly ethical aim of the translating act is receiving the Foreign as Foriegn.,在贝尔曼看来，伦理行为是指“认可和接纳作为他者显现的他者”。这是贝尔曼翻译伦理的核心内容，也是其“直译”翻译策略的基石。,Literal translation,Here literal means attached to the letter. 关注能指的作用 By laboring on the letter, translation, on the one hand, restores t

7、he particular signifying process of works and, on the other hand, transforms the translating language.,The analytic of translation/ negative analytic,1. Definition The examination of the system of textual deformation that operates in every translation and prevents it from being atrial of the foreign

8、. 2. Analytic in two senses a detailed analysis of the deforming system in the psychoanalytic sense: the system is largely unconscious, present as a series of tendencies of forces that cause translation to deviate from its essential aim. The goal of analysis is to discover these forces and to show w

9、here in the text they are practiced.,Remarks before the negative analytic,1. the analysis proposed here is provisional, it needs to be further revised in order to be systematic. 2. This negative analytic should be extended by a positive counterpart. Then these two analytics can produce a critique评论，

10、评判 of translation. 3. The psychological approach to language and linguistic systems can contribute to a translatology. 4. The focus will be the deforming tendencies that in the domain of literary prose-the novel and the essay.,Twelve deforming tendencies十二种变形倾向,1. rationalization 2. clarification 3.

11、 expansion 4. ennoblement and popularization 5. qualitative impoverishment 6. quantitative impoverishment,Twelve deforming tendencies,7. the destruction of rhythms 8. the destruction of underlying networks of signification 9. the destruction of linguistic patternings 10. the destruction of vernacula

12、r networks or their exoticization 11. the destruction of expressions and idioms 12. the effacement of the superimposition of languages,1. Rationalization 合理化,Rationalization recomposes sentences and the sequence of sentences, rearranging them according to a certain idea of discursive 散漫的,不着边际的order.

13、 Rationalization makes the original pass from concrete to abstract, not only by reordering the sentence structure, but by translating verbs into substantives, by choosing the more general of two substantives. eg. 英：You are talking delightful nonsense. 汉：你虽信口胡诌，但也蛮有情趣。,2. Clarification 明晰化,There are

14、two kinds of explications: Explicitation can be the manifestation of something that is not apparent but concealed or repressed, in the original. This kind of explication is the supreme power of translation. Explicitation aims to render clear what does not wish to be clear in the original. The moveme

15、nt from polysemy to monosemy, paraphrastic or explicative translation both are the modes of clarification. eg. 英: A series of these little surprises exhausts; and he was wear ing pumps, a poor preparation for any country. 汉:这样深一脚，浅一脚，磕磕碰碰，直走得你精疲力竭。何况阿济 兹穿的是一双浅口软底鞋。穿这种鞋，在哪个国家走路都是不行的。,3. Expansion 扩充,

16、Rationalizing and clarifying require expansion, an unfolding of what, in the original, is folded. The addition adds nothing, that it augments扩大 only the gross mass of text, without augmenting its way of speaking or signifying. Explication may render the text more clear, but they actually obscure its

17、 own mode of clarity. The expansion is a streching, a slackening, which impairs the rhythmic flow of the work. It is often called overtranslation. well: deep and vertical Expansion flatten, horizontalizing what is essentially deep and vertical.,4.Ennoblement 高雅化,Rhetorization consists in producing e

18、legant sentences, while utilizing the source text, so to speak, as raw material. Thus the ennoblement is only a rewriting, a stylistic exercise based on- and at the expense of the original. But good speaking in the original has nothing to do with the rhetorical elegance extolled by the rewriting tha

19、t ennobles. In fact, the latter simultaneously annihilates both oral rhetoric and formless polylogic.,Example,英：I picture myself going up to bed,among the unused rooms, and sitting on my bed-side crying for a comfortable word from Peggotty. 汉： 我现在看到这样一幅图景：我一个人孤孤单单地到楼上冷冷清清的屋子里去睡觉，我坐在床沿上，一边哭着一边想象坡勾提来安

20、慰我。,5. Qualitative impoverishment 性质受损,This refers to the replacement of terms, expressions and figures in the original with terms, expressions and figures that lack their sonorous richness or, correspondingly, their signifying or iconic richness. When this practice of replacement is applied to an e

21、ntire work, to the whole of its iconic surface, it decisively effaces a good portion of its signifying process and mode of expression- what makes a work speak to us. eg. Murderstone 摩德斯通,6. Quantitative impoverishment 数量缺失,This refers to a lexical loss.(loss of lexical variation) This loss perfectly

22、 coexists with an increase of the gross quantity or mass of the text with expansion. The translating results in a text that is at once poorer and longer. Moreover, the expansion often works to mask the quantitative loss. eg. sadness,sorrow,grief: 悲哀,7. The destructions of rhythms 韵律的破坏,The deforming

23、 translation can considerably affect the rhythm- for example, through an arbitrary revision of word order and punctuation. eg. 英：Wilful waste makes woeful want. 汉：平日里挥金如土，到头来生活叫苦。,8. The destruction of underlying networks of signification 对原文潜在指示网络的破坏,The literary work contains a hidden dimension, a

24、n underlying text, where certain signifiers correspond and link up, forming all sorts of networks beneath the surface of the text itself. If such networks are not transmitted, a signifying process in the text is destroyed. The misreading of these networks corresponds to the treatment given to groupi

25、ngs of major signifiers in a work, such as those that organize its mode of expression.,Example,天净沙秋思 枯藤/老树/昏鸦， 小桥/流水/人家， 古道/西风/瘦马。 夕阳/西下， 断肠/人/在/天涯。,Sky-clear Sand (Tien-ching Sha) Autumn Thoughts Withered vines, old trees, crows at dusk; A Small bridge, flowing water, a few houses; An ancient road,

26、 a lean horse in the west wind, The evening sun sinking in the west- A heart-broken traveler still at worlds end.,9. The destruction of linguistic patternings 语言模式的破坏,Rationalization, clarification, expansion, etc. destroy the systematic nature of the text by introducing elements that are excluded b

27、y its essential system. When the translated text is more homogeneous than the original, it is equally more incoherent and, in a certain way, more heterogeneous, more inconsistent不一致的.,Example,The pale winter sunshine had strengthened a little as the morning wore on and there was a hint of warmth in

28、it and an extra patina of bright gold lay on every twig and fallen beech leaf. 日头徐升，冬天淡淡的阳光热力渐强，现在倒有了些暖意。每条嫩枝，每片山毛榉落叶都涂上薄薄一层金黄的光泽。,10.The destruction of vernacular networks exoticization 方言网络和异国情调的破坏,The importance of vernacular networks: the polylogic aim of prose inevitably includes a plurality of

29、 vernacular elements. the tendency toward concreteness in prose necessarily includes these elements, because the vernacular language is by its very nature more physical, more iconic than cultivated language. prose often aims explicitly to recapture the orality of vernacular.,10.The destruction of ve

30、rnacular networks exoticization 方言网络和异国情调的破坏,The traditional method of preserving vernaculars is to exoticize them. two forms: 1. a typographical procedure (italics) is used to isolate what does not exist in the original. 2. Exoticization may join up with popularization by striving to render a forei

31、gn vernacular with a local one. Unfortunately, a vernacular clings tightly to its soil and completely resists any direct translating into another vernacular.,Example,英：Then what might your meaning be in calling me Sir John these different times, when I be plain Jack Durbeyfield the haggler? 汉：俺分明是平平

32、常常的杰克德北，一个乡下小贩子，你可三番两次，老叫俺“约翰爵士”，到底是什么意思？,11. The destruction of expressions and idioms 对固定表达方式和成语的破坏,It is evident that even if the meaning is identical, replacing an idiom by its equivalent is an ethnocentrism. To play with equivalence is to attack the discourse of the foreign work. eg. 英：Thats a stale old yarn. 汉：这早已是陈谷子烂芝麻了。,12.The effacement of the superimposition of languages 多种语言重叠