基因工程在石油污染的应用.ppt

1、基因工程在石油污染治理中的应用Application of genetic engineering in petroleum pollution control,汇报人 ：JGZ 专业：环境科学与工程 时间：2016.4.6,目录contents,一、石油污染 Petroleum pullution 二、基因工程 Genetic engineering 三、基因工程治理石油污染 Genetic engineering treatment of petroleum pollution 四、小结 Summary 五、参考文献 References,一、石油污染,石油污染是指石油开采、运输、装卸、加

2、工和使用过程中，由于泄漏和排放石油引起的污染，主要发生在海洋。石油漂浮在海面上，迅速扩散形成油膜，可通过扩散、蒸发、溶解、乳化、光降解以及生物降解和吸收等进行迁移、转化。油类可沾附在鱼鳃上，使鱼窒息，抑制水鸟产卵和孵化，破坏其羽毛的不透水性，降低水产品质量。油膜形成可阻碍水体的复氧作用，影响海洋浮游生物生长，破坏海洋生态平衡，此外还可破坏海滨风景，影响海滨美学价值。,1.Petroleum pullution,Seaside asphyxia caused by oil pollution is refers to petroleum mining,transportation, loadin

3、g and unloading, processing and use process, due to leakage and the discharge of oil pollution, mainly occurs in the ocean. The oil floating in the sea, the rapid spread of the formation of oil film bydiffusion,evaporation,dissolution,emulsification, photodegradation and biological degradation and a

4、bsorption of migration and transformation. Oil can cleave in fish gills, the fish, inhibition of waterfowl spawning and hatching, destroy the feathers of the impervious, reduce water quality. The oil film can be formed hinder water reoxygenation, the impact of marine plankton growth, the destruction

5、 of marine ecological balance. In addition, but also the destruction of coastal scenery, the impact of aesthetic value.,二、基因工程,基因工程即是运用酶学方法，将外源基因与载体DNA在体外进行重组，将形成的重组DNA转入受体细胞，使外源基因在其中复制表达，从而改造生物特性，生产出人类所需要的产物的高新技术。,2.Genetic engineering,Genetic engineering is by enzymatic method, the exogenous gene

6、and the vector DNA in vitro reorganization, the formation of recombinant DNA into host cells, the exogenous gene in the replication and expression, in order to transform the biological characteristics, to produce the product of human needs high technology.,概括起来，基因工程的操作过程一般分4个步骤。 1、获得目的基因； 2、将目的基因与载体

7、连接形成重组DNA； 3、将重组DNA导入受体细胞； 4、筛选出能表达目的基因的受体细胞,Generally, the operation process of genetic engineering is generally divided into 4 steps. 1, to obtain the target gene; 2, the recombinant DNA was formed by connecting the target gene and the vector; 3, the recombinant DNA into the receptor cells; 4, the

8、 receptor cells that can express the target gene were screened out.,三、基因工程治理石油污染,随着石油工业的迅速发展石油这种含有多种烃类的混和物，不断对陆地与海洋造成污染，而烃类是难分解的物质，某种特定的细菌只能降解有限的几种石油成分，对其他成分却不能分解。,3.Genetic engineering treatment of petroleum pollution,With oil industry the rapid development of the petroleum containing a variety of

9、hydrocarbon mixture, we on terrestrial and marine pollution, and hydrocarbons are difficult to decompose substances, some specific bacteria can only limited degradation of several oil composition, of the other components is unable to break down.,1975年美籍印度人查克拉搏特等科学家依据似单胞杆菌对石油中有毒成分具有很强分解力这一特性，把4种能吃浮油的

10、假单胞杆菌的基因拼接起来，合并成一种假单胞菌种组成了所谓的“超级菌”，它能分解各种石油烃,消除浮油的效率高、速度快，只需几小时就能除掉自然菌种需几年才能消除的原油污染。经不断改进这种超级细菌已成功地用于实际环境治理中。,1975 American Indians check carat stroke on the basis of the principal scientists like subsp.achromogenes has a strong decomposition of the characteristics of toxic components in the oil, th

11、e four can eat oil slick Pseudomonas genes were spliced together, merged into a Pseudomonas species. Composition of the so-called super bacteria, it can decompose various petroleum hydrocarbon and eradicate the high efficiency of the oil slick, fast speed, just a few hours will be able to get rid of

12、 natural strains for several years to eliminate oil pollution. Through continuous improvement. This super bacteria have been successfully used for actual environmental governance.,（一）石油烃降解菌种类Types of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria,无色杆菌属(achromobacter) 不动杆菌属(acinetobacter) 产碱杆菌属(alcaligenes

13、) 芽孢杆菌属(bacillus) 黄杆菌属(flavobacterium) 诺卡氏菌属(nocardia)、 假单胞菌属(pseudomonas) 微球菌属(mirococcus),（二）石油烃微生物降解的影响因素Influencing factors of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons,石油烃类物质的复杂性和异质性Complexity and heterogeneity of petroleum hydrocarbons 营养元素Nutrient element 表面活性剂Surface active agent 底物之间的

14、相互作用Interaction between substrates,（三）微生物对石油烃的代谢途径和机理,（1）好氧代谢途径：将石油作为食物氧化分解为 CO2和 H2O 排出；将石油转化为菌本身的生命物质，如糖、脂肪、蛋白质等；催化石油生成其它物质，如醇、醛、脂肪酸等。好氧代谢途径为微生物的主要代谢途径。 （2）厌氧代谢途径：目前研究表明，石油的无氧降解主要靠硝酸盐或硫酸盐作为电子受体来起始降解石油的反应，包括四种：延胡索酸盐结合反应、羧化反应、羟基化反应和甲基化反应。,3.3 Metabolic pathways and mechanisms of microorganisms for p

15、etroleum hydrocarbons,Aerobic metabolic pathways: oil as food oxidation to CO2 and H2O discharge; 2 oil into the bacteria itself life substances, such as sugar, fat, protein, etc.; 3 the petroleum catalysis to produce other substances, such as alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids and other. Aerobic meta

16、bolic pathways for the main metabolic pathway of microorganisms. Anaerobic metabolic pathways: the present study shows that, the anaerobic degradation of oil mainly by nitrate or sulfate as electron acceptor to start oil degradation reaction, including four: fumarate binding reaction, carboxylation,

17、 hydroxylation and methylation reaction.,（四）石油污染的微生物降解途径Microbial degradation pathway of oil pollution,1、烷烃的降解途径Degradation pathway of alkanes 通过单端氧化生成一元狡酸；The single end oxidation of the acid element 经过双末端氧化生成二元梭酸；Production of two meta acid by double end oxidation 经过次端氧化生成醇类,然后在生成酮类。After secondar

18、y alcohols end oxidation, then generate ketones.,2、烯烃的降解途径,将水加到双键上,形成醇类;The water is added to the double bond to form an alcohol; 受单加氢酶作用生成一种环状化合物,再氧化成一个二醇;By generating a single enzyme hydrogenation of cyclic compounds, then oxidized into a glycol; 在分子饱和末端先发生反应。Reaction at the end of molecular satu

19、ration.,3、芳香族的生物降解Biodegradation of aromatic compounds,4、环烷烃的生物降解Biodegradation of cycloalkanes,5、多环芳烃Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃的生物降解,先是通一个环二轻基化、开环,进一步降解为丙酮酸和CO2。然后第二个环以同样方式分解。,四、小结Summary,随着大工业生产技术的飞速发展，生物方法所处理或修复的对象也在时刻不停地改变，势必将推动现代生物技术不断改革创新。为了使生物技术能满足新的发展需要。我们必须真正进行探索，并且可能以过去未曾想象到的方式来

20、使用生物或是它们的衍生物，运用现代生物技术预防和治理环境污染, 有效地改善生态环境。,4.Summary,With the rapid development of industrial production technology and biological methods for the processing or repair the object also at the moment constantly change, is bound to promote the modern biological technology continue to reform and innovation. In order to make biological technology to meet the need of the new development. We must be true to explore and may in the past could never have imagined way to the use of biological