记忆机制.ppt

1、Number interpreting,Mechanism of memory,良好的记忆力是译员必须具备的技能，是译员得以施展其口译能力的前提条件。 记忆包括输入、储存和重现三个过程，一般可分为瞬时记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。 “瞬时记忆”是口译的前提，“短时记忆”是口译的关键，“长时记忆”是口译的基础。,瞬时记忆,只能使语言信息保持0.25秒至2秒，之后记忆的信息便会消失，它是大脑最短的记忆。 做口译，尤其是同声传译，要求译者反映迅速，其实就是强调译者要有瞬时获取信息的能力，这也是口译人员需要具备的基本素质之一。 how to enhance?,做一个月左右的跟读训练，即在讲话者开始讲话后，

2、等待五六个词的时间，然后复述讲话者刚刚讲过的内容。在整个跟读练习过程中，练习者始终要与讲话者保持五六个词的间隔，不许缩短，但可以适当延长。,跟读训练,短期记忆,短期记忆(short-term memory)对于一个口译员来说是至关重要的。良好的短期记忆能力无论是对交替传译或是同声传译帮助都很大。 有些人天生博闻强记，但是后天的训练也可以改善短期记忆。改善短期记忆的关键就是要做一个active listener。 什么是“active listener”? 就是要积极地听。 何为积极地听？ 就是听的时候全神贯注，积极分析和记忆听到的信息。 训练短期记忆也可以采取循序渐进的方法。 先不要急着记一大

3、段的文章。先从句子或和段落开始。,Kipling wrote: I have six honest serving men.They taught me all I knew.There names were what and where and when,And why, and how, and who. 训练短期记忆是要抓住的就是这六个honest serving men。,Have a try,Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. (2)When reports came into London Zo

4、o that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. (3)However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.

5、,第一个句子：美洲狮产于美洲 第二个句子：有人报告在动物园附近看见美洲狮，但是没人当一回事。（对于这个句子如果你记不住动物园的名字，记不住在动物园的几里之外发现美洲狮，你至少应该记得“有人看见过美洲狮”这个信息。） 第三个句子：证据不断增加，专家们觉得必须调查。狮子目击人的描述惊人地相似。（这个句子其实包含着两个信息，一个是“专家们要调查”，第二个是“目击人的描述相似”。）,Try again,I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversat

6、ion. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof! I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babiesorstopping to pet thei

7、r puppies. Evidently, the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact.,Why not visualize the picture ?信息视觉化,听到这一段生动形象的描述之后，译员便可在头脑中勾画这样一副图景：自己正与一位朋友在公园中散步、闲谈。突然，谈话被朋友的手机打断。然后放眼四周，发现到处是只顾自己拿着手机讲话而无暇互相交流的人们。译员就这样通过现实化、形象化的方法将一篇复杂的描写转化成生活中一个再熟悉不过的镜头摄入了头脑。然后，译员再用译语将眼前的这幅图景按照自己的方式描述出来即可。这样

8、不仅记忆深刻、全面，而且译员也不会陷入机械的“找词翻译”的误区。,Long-term-memory,经过加工的语言信息进入长时记忆阶段。长时记忆的信息容量要大得多，信息的保持可以从短时直至终身，是大脑长期保持信息的重要手段。在口译的记忆过程中它配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。长时记忆对我们口译的影响很大。长时记忆的信息都是经验性的，人们听过、看过、经历过的事情都可以留在长时记忆中，随时可提取出来与正在听到的信息相结合，从而帮助人们更透彻地理解信息。对口译员来讲，大脑储存的知识越多，经验知识越丰富，就越能在口译时发挥出最佳的水平,Interpreting figures I (Figures

9、 switching),Ddifference between Chinese and English figures Figure interpreting constitutes a highly difficult problem to beginners. This is because Chinese and English have different ways of expressing numbers. In Chinese, we have a series of numerical characters to express particular figure, e.g.

10、十、百、千、万、百万、千万、亿、十亿, which are actually the multiples of “十”. But in English, there are no equivalents of “万” and “亿”. Relevant figures have to be converted on the basis of “thousand”, “million” and “billion”. As a result, interpreter trainees often feel handicapped in their desperate attempt to make

11、 the conversions. Another reason is that figure, which are illogical in nature, are extremely difficult to remember. No matter how good an interpreters memory is, he/she cannot expect to memorize all figures, especially big ones. It is obvious that without prior training, one can hardly avoid making

12、 mistakes. Only through intensive training can we achieve proficiency in handling this problem. -熟记几个基本单位的转换 1万=ten thousand 10万=one hundred thousand 100万=one million 1000万=ten million 1亿=one hundred million 10亿=one billion,掌握记录方法。在口译过程中，如果遇上数字（尤其是多位数的数字）频繁出现，单靠大脑记忆就不够了，这时需要笔记来辅助记忆。将阿拉伯数字与中文和英文数字单位结

13、合起来用。 -除了记下数字本身以外，更重要的是确保记住与数字有关的内容，即 “What is the number about?”。如果光是记下数字，而忘了这个数字是关于什么的，那么这个数字就没有任何意义了。,Expressions: 达到 reach, total, number, total, peak at, bein total 占%: account for, take up; constitute; make up 上升：rise, increase, climb, jump, skyrocket, augment, up 下降: fall, drop, decline, decr

14、ease, precipitate, down 稳定/波动: level out/off, remain stable, fluctuate, stand/stay at, to reach a peak,Ex. 1 590, 2,076 8, 565 61,500 77,519 5,978,300 96,329,100 873,665,300 415,978,729 78,112,030,331 201,978,005,171 91,179,999,236 5.45万 105.08亿 208.55万 四亿九千二百五十万（492.5m） 一百五十万零八千（one million five hu

15、ndred and eight thousand; 1.508m） 六十二亿二千九百八十四万五千（six billion two hundred twenty-nine million eight hundred and forty five thousand; 6b, 229m.845 th）,Area and population of the 50 most populous countries in the world (based on the statistics of the U.S. Census Bureau, International Database, 2001) Pr

16、actice the following figures by using the sentence pattern of “covers an area of square kilometers with a population of ”.,In 2000, under the correct leadership of the Central Party Committee and the State Council, governments at all levels implemented in real earnest a series of policies aiming at

17、expanding domestic demand, as well as the pro-active financial policy and the solid monetary policy. Due attention was focused on cultural and ethical progress. With the joint efforts made by people of all nationalities, national economic and social development achieved new progress; various targets

18、 of development and reforms were met. The main tasks of the Ninth-Five-Year program were fulfilled in an all round way. I. General Outlook Economic growth speeded up with enhanced comprehensive strength. According to preliminary estimation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was 8,940.4 bi

19、llion yuan, up by 8.0 percent over the previous year at comparable prices. This growth rate was 0.9 percentage points higher than that in 1999. The growth of the primary industry was 2.4 percent, and that of the secondary industry was 9.6 percent, and 7.8 percent growth for the tertiary industry. At

20、 the current exchange rate, the gross domestic product of China had topped 1,000 billion US dollars.,Market prices were stable. The consumer price level of the year was up by 0.4 percent over the previous year, reversing the trend of declining for consecutive two years starting from 1998. Analyzed b

21、y category of commodities, the prices for service items went up by 14.1 percent, and 4.8 percent growth for housing. Except the price rise for aquatic products and vegetables, prices for food continued to decline. On the other hand, influenced by price rise of petroleum on the international market,

22、the ex-factory price of manufactured goods rose by 2.8 percent, and the purchasing price for energy, raw materials and power went up by 5.1 percent. Work on employment was further strengthened. By the end of 2000, the total of employed people in China numbered 711.50 million, or 5.64 million more th

23、an at the end of 1999. Of this total, 212.74 million were employed in urban areas, an increase of 2.6 million persons over that at the end of 1999. New progress was made in the implementation of reemployment project. By the end of 2000, the number of laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises was 6

24、.57 million, an increase of 47,000 persons as compared with that at the end of 1999. In the year 2000, about 3.61 million laid-off workers found new jobs through various measures. By the end of 2000, the urban unemployment rate through unemployment registration was 3.1 percent.,Chinas balance of pay

25、ment was in good position and the foreign exchange reserves continued to increase. The utilization of foreign capital was stable. The actually utilized foreign direct investment of the year was 40.7 billion US dollars, an increase of 400 million US dollars over the previous year. The size of favorab

26、le balance of foreign trade was narrowed down. The trade surplus of the year was 24.1 billion US dollars, a decrease of 5.1 billion US dollars over the previous year. Foreign exchange reserves continued to increase. By the end of 2000, foreign exchanges reserves reached 165.6 billion US dollars, an

27、increase of 10.9 billion US dollars as compared with that at the beginning of the year. The exchange rate of RMB was stable. The exchange rate stood at 1 US dollar = 8.2781RMB yuan at the end of the year, an appreciation of 12 basic points. Economic efficiency improved noticeably and the quality of

28、economic performance was further strengthened. Following consecutive years of high growth, tax income kept fairly fast growth. The total tax collected as government income of the year stood at 1,266.0 billion yuan, up by 22.8 percent, or an increase of 234.8 billion yuan over the previous year. Prof

29、its made by industrial enterprises increased by a large margin. The profits made by industrial enterprises above designated size reached 426.2 billion yuan, hitting the record since 1990s, or up by 86.2 percent over the previous year. In particular, the profits made by state-owned and state-holding

30、enterprises increased by a fast speed with its profits made reaching 239.2 billion yuan, or 1.4 folds increase. The total losses by state-owned and state-holding loss-suffering enterprises were down by 26.7 percent over the previous year. The overall efficiency index for industrial enterprises was 1

31、17.8 percent, or 16.1 percentage points higher than the figure for the previous year, representing the highest level since 1992. Major problems that remained in economic performance and social development included: the still prominent irrational economic structure as was reflected by the unsound base for economic pick-up, and the incomplete system of sustained social demand; the difficulties in life condition f