快速阅读.ppt

1、快速阅读旨在考察考生对特定或关键信息的快速提取能力以及对阅读材料内容进行快速把握的能力，因为较为强调速度，对理解的深度要求并不高，一般更注重字面意思的理解。,考察内容,快速阅读通用技巧,略读 （Skimming) 略读又称跳读(reading and skipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速读阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。,略读可以运用下列技巧： (1)要利用印刷细节，如书或文章的标题、

2、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。 (2)以一般阅读速度(200250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况，作者的文章风格，口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 (4)注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however, moreover, in addition等；序列词firstly, secondly等。,应把主要精力放在文章各段的主题句上，通常快速阅读的主题句在段首，少数在段尾

3、。 By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefit

4、s. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility.,The interstate system has been an essential element of the nations economic growth in terms of shipping and job creations: more than 75 percent of the nations freight deliveries arrive

5、 by truck: and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it had led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants,

6、and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.,我们可以看到第一段的主题句在段尾，第二段的主题句在段首。,Scanning (寻读） 寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场

7、寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。,作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑，不必字字句句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘下，既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误，所以寻读技巧也很有实用价值。,为了有效地进行寻读，读者应运用下列技巧 （1）利用章节标题和说明。寻读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这

8、样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找 （2）抓提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩，他的国名是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人名，翻到NewYorkCity那一章population,census,inhabitants等词就是提示词，找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需要的信息。,充当提示词的一般有时间，人名，地名，阿拉伯数字以及缩写等。比如2006年6月新真题中的第2题： General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways

9、 made more sense than the two-lane highways of America. 关键词是能够将题目信息和其他类似信息区分开来的词，其中人名比较醒目，易于寻找。根据本题中出现的General Eisenhower,我们很快可找到,When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Armys first transcontinental motor convoy, he noted: “The old convoy had started me think

10、ing about good, two-lane highways, but Germanys Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”,通读（文章开头、结尾及各个小标题） 关键词，确定题眼。特别注意人物、时间、地点和数字等信息 大概定位（与小标题的内容对比） 准确定位（阅读相关部分内容）,解题步骤,对于此类题，通常只需阅读文章开头的段落及各个小标题，就可以判断考题是否只是概括了部分内容还是过于宽泛，这种题不会有NG的情况,命题方法,1、主旨题,主旨题的主要命题形式,

11、The passage is mainly about The passage mainly discusses The passage tends/aims to tell the reader The passage mainly shows/indicates/introduces that The passage agrees that,下面以一篇标题为Rock Solid Readers的快速阅读文章为例。 例一，副标题 How to help your child become a standout student 小标题：Good readers start out ahead

12、Good readers have better vocabularies Good readers preview and summarize Good readers picture a story in the mind Good readers connect to what they are reading 题目 The passage aims to tell parents some secrets on how to help their child become an outstanding student.,根据副标题可知题目中how to help their child

13、 become an outstanding student 这部分是正确的，再根据小标题- 都是关于good readers怎么学习的-可知该文是通过向父母们说明good readers的学习诀窍来告诉他们帮自己的孩子成为一个会学习的好学生，故答案为Y。,快速阅读的命题点包括：数字（含时间）、地点、人物、因果关系、时间顺序、目的、比较关系（含对比和类比）、方式、条件等,2、 细节题,命题规律1：与数字有关的细节,数字在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字的形式书写，比较容易定位，因此考题中的数字可以成为最有利的定位工具,例2 However, more than a year later, on July

14、 28, 1976, the scientists were not so lucky. East of Beijing, Chinese scientists were discussing a possible earthquake. During their meeting, the worst earthquake in modern times hit. Estimates of deaths ranged from 250,000 to 695,000. the earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale. 题目：The earthqu

15、ake that happened on July 28, 1976 caused many deaths because researches of earthquake in China were stopped then.,解题时，现根据其中所含的时间定位于上述段落第1句，再结合该段第2句可判断原文并未提及与题目中原因状语从句相关的信息，因此本题答案为NG,命题规律2：与地点或人物有关的细节,专有名词（人名或地名）通常以大写字母 开头，比较突出，容易寻找，可成为帮助 定位的信息源,例3 Moving from the thumb to other hand parts, Charles

16、brother Joseph Vacanti, a transplant surgeon and tissue engineering pioneer in his won right, has grown human shaped figure on the back of a mouse, demonstrating that different cell types can grow together. He and colleagues at Bostons Massachusetts General Hospital shaped a polymer to resemble the

17、end and middle finger bones. 题目 Joseph Vacantis experiment demonstrates that cells of different types cannot grow together.,解析： 以Joseph Vacanti 这个人名为本题题眼，将信息源定位于上述段落，并根据首句句末的现在分词结构demonstrating that different cell types can grow together, 确定本题答案为N。,命题规律3：与因果关系有关的细节,考题中通常含有because, reason, due to, fo

18、r, as, since, as a result of, so that 等表示因果关系的词语。,考题中通常含有because, reason, due to, for, as, since, as a result of, so that 等表示因果关系的词语。解题时，题眼可在“因”与“果”中寻找，并可结合其他定位技巧，定位信息源之后便可判断该因果关系是否属实,命题规律3：与因果关系有关的细节,例4 Every culture has its unacknowledged taboos the things you are forbidden to say or do in polite

19、company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt. You might think that a liberal, open-minded country like Canada would be free of such taboos, but youd be wrong. In spite of our belief in our own civilized tolerance, some things are simply not open to debate if you try, youre bound to shoc

20、k the neighbors. 题目 Canadian culture doesnt have unacknowledged taboos because Canada is a liberal and open-minded country,解析 题目主句中unacknowledged taboos 和原因从句中的liberal, open-minded 等词都可以成为本题题眼，帮助定位信息源于上述段落的1，2句，根据第2句末的but you are wrong 可知原文所述与题目所述相反，所以答案应为N.,这种考题中往往含有after, before, when, while, mean

21、while, at the same time, prior to, then, later 等表示时间关系的词语，题目包含两个动作或时间，解题时可根据这两个时间或动作进行定位并作出判断,命题规律4：与时间顺序有关的细节,例5 Before sending credit card numbers to an on-line merchant, check the security notice on your screen when transmitting information. If the licks open, your personal data may be unsecured

22、and easily obtainable by cyber thieves, who can electronically steal credit or personal information. 题目 Consumers should send their credit-card numbers to an on-line merchant only after checking the security notice on the screen,解析 题目中的credit-card numbers, on-line meerchant, security notice 都可成为题眼，据

23、此定位于上述段落并根据第1句，可判断题目所述的事件发生的时间顺序与原文一致，因此本命题为Y.,此类命题要求考生查找某个事件或动作的目的，或要求考生达到某个目的的方式条件，往往含有to, for, in order to, so as to, in order that, so that, for the purpose of, 等表示目的关系的词眼，或引出方式条件的词语，如with, through, by means of, if, though 等。,命题规律5：与目的、方式、条件有关的细节,例6 As in Holland, it was the nobility that provid

24、ed the necessary stamp of approval and so insured its acceptance. King Charles II had married, while in exile, the Portuguese Infanta Catherine de Braganza (1662). Charles himself had grown up in the Dutch capital. As a result, both he and his Portuguese bride were confirmed tea drinkers. When the m

25、onarchy was re-established, the two rulers brought this foreign tea tradition tot England with them. As early as 1600 Elizabeth I had founded the John Company for the purpose of promoting Asian trade. When Catherine de Braganza married Charles she brought as part of her dowry the territories of Tang

26、ier and Bombay. Suddenly, the John Company had a base of operations. 题目 The John Company was established in order to enhance European trade.,解析 题目中的John Company 和European trade 都可称为题眼帮助定位信息源于上述段落第6句，该句表明建立John Company 的目的是为了促进Asian trade, 而不是European trade, 因此本命题为N.,这种考题一般有形容词或副词的比较级或最高级等较为明显的特征，或者一

27、些信号词如contrary to, by contrast, unlike, like 等。在此种考题里，除了可将比较级和最高级当作题眼外，两个对比的对象也可成为题眼，定位信息源后，就可确定对比关系是否正确,命题规律6：与比较关系有关的细节,例7 In China, suicide is quite different than in other countries. Perhaps the biggest difference is suicide in rural areas is three times as high in urban areas. If you look at the

28、 pattern of suicide in urban areas in China, its very similar to Western suicide pattern. Thats one characteristic. Another is that there are a lot more female suicides in China than in most other countries. China is one of the very few countries in the world that has more suicides in women than in

29、men by about 25%, whereas most developed countries have much higher rate in men of completed suicide, of about 3 to 1. so china is almost a reverse of developed countries in that respect. We find that suicides in China are quite different. For example, there are a lot more impulsive suicides here in

30、 China than in other countries. 题目 In China, there are more suicide cases in urban areas than in rural areas.,解析 这是一个很典型的考查比较关系的命题。比较两个对象urban和rural 可成为本题题眼帮助定位信息源于上述段落第2句，根据原文，可知题目两个对象的比较关系与原文相反，因此确定本命题为N.,句子填空与是非判断的考点一样，因此定位技巧也是一致的。考生需要仔细对照原文和考题找出考题中所缺失的部分并进行作答。作答时一定要注意答案在内容和形式上的准确性，尤其要注意形式上即语法上的准

31、确性,3、句子填空,例8 After all, those first two steps or approaches spark a stronger than usual interest in that dictionary definition. Youre now personally involved. Di you figure out the word meaning? Your heightened interest will lead to a better memory of both word and meaning. It also encourages your d

32、evelopment of the habits needed to accelerate your progress. And when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, what a feeling of accomplishment is yours. In that way, the CPD Formula provides the exact dynamic interplay of approaches for maximum effectiveness. 题目 By using context

33、and word parts, readers heightened interest will lead to _.,解析 根据题干中信号词lead to可判断本题考察的内容为heightened interest 在using context and word parts 情况下所造成的结果。以heightened interest 为题眼定位于上述段落第4句，可知空白处应填入a better memory o0f both word and meaning.,首先根据题目的主题大致确定相关信息可在哪个小标题部分寻找，然后根据关键词（题眼）在上述部分里进行搜寻和定位。这样既可缩短时间又可提

34、高准确率,解题技巧,解题技巧1：主题定位和关键词定位巧妙结合,例1 The French Challenge In 1889 the central feature of the Worlds Fair Paris was Gustave Eiffels massive tower, constructed with wrought iron and standing 300 m high. Architects in the United States viewed this as something of a challenge, and by the early 20th century

35、 the race was on to erect taller buildings than ever before. Soon skyscrapers were springing up along the New York skyline,. In 1928 the founder of the Chrysler corporation, Walter Chrysler, announced the building of a huge new skyscraper, taller than anything so far constructed in New York. It soon

36、 became clear that the new building was part of Chryslers aim to challenge the motoring giant General Motors. So John Jakob Raskob, of General Motors, decided to race Chrysler to the top. The final height of Chryslers building was kept secret until it was complete, so Raskob instructed his architect

37、s to construct the highest tower they could. Their architectural plans had to be modified as the Chrysler Building grew ever higher, but when it topped out at 77 stories the Empire State team knew that they could beat it. 题目 The Chrysler Building was built because Walter Chrysler wanted to challenge

38、 the motoring giant General Motors.,解析 题目的主题涉及两者之间的竞争，因此challenge 为题目中的主题词，根据该词先定位于小标题The French Challenge 部分，然后利用题目中的Chrysler Building, Walter Chrysler 和General Motors 等专有名词作为题眼准确定位信息源于第4句和第5句，题目中because 引出的原因状语从句与原文中Chryslers aim 表达的意思相同，因此可判断本命题为Y。,解题技巧2：如何区分N和NG,No 题 1、信息与原文相反 2、将原文信息张冠李戴 3、将原文不

39、确定的或未经证实的内 容作为正确的或客观的来表述 4、改变原文的条件、范围、频率、 可能性等,NG题： 1、无中生有 2、将原文具体化，即题目中设计 的范围小于原文涉及的范围 3、以个别代替整体，即将原文所 举例子的特殊现象推广为普通现象 4、随意比较原文中提到的两个事物 5、原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目 的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中 作为客观事实陈述,例2 Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the mens Nordic skiing events have been won by competitions

40、 from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union 题目 Only Scandinavian have won gold medals in the mens winter Olympics Scandinavian athletes did better in the Nordic skiing events than any other events.,解析 原文表明除了北欧人在冬季奥运会上获得男子越野滑雪项目的金牌外，获得金牌的还有前苏联的运动员，还有一块金牌没有提到被哪国运动员获得，第1题的内容与原文明显不符，因此为N。从原文看来，越野滑雪项目的金

41、牌几乎都由北欧人和前苏联人获得，这表明北欧人可能很擅长越野滑雪，但是否他们最擅长越野滑雪，这就无从查证了。越野滑雪是他们最擅长的项目，但也可能不是，因此第2题应为NG,解题技巧3：生词可帮助定位,生词常常能吸引读者的眼光，可以成为帮助定位信息源的工具.生词通常在原文中就有，命题者只是照搬该生词到题目里面，因此这些生词就是题目的题眼，只要在原文中找到这些生词，相关的信息就能找到,例3 An example of a species of frog that, at far as is know, has become extinct, is the platypus frog. Like the

42、 well-known Australian mammal it was named after, it exhibited some very stranger behavior; instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the water, it raised its young within its stomach. The baby frogs were actually born from out of their mothers mouth. Discovered in 1981, less than ten years later the g

43、rog had completely vanished from the crystal clear waters of Booloumba Creek near Queenslands Sunshine Coast. Unfortunately, this freak of nature is not the only frog species to have been lost in Australia. Since the 1970s, no less than eight others have suffered the same fate. 题目 The platypus frog

44、became extinct by 1991.,解析 原文的platypus及数字1991都能成为题眼，能帮助快速定位信息源，先要找到platypus frog这种特殊的青蛙品种，然后再验证它是否在1991年绝种。根据首句及第4句可判断本题为Y.,解题技巧4：出题的有序性,是非判断题在原文中的出现一般有一定的顺 序性，准确定位前一题，可顺着原文找到下 一题的出处 注意：是非判断题7与填空题8之间不一定有顺序,At, in, on 等后面考查的是时间和地点 After, before, during 等后面考查的是时间 By 等后面考查的是方式或施动者 By means of, through

45、等后面考查的是方法手段 To等后面考查的是目的、对象、程度 Because, for, due to, owing to等后面考查的是原因,句子填空解题技巧,解题技巧1：明确考点,例4 For the first two years of its existence, the euro would only be traded electronically by banks, foreign exchange dealers, and stock markets leading up to the full launch of the paper and coin currency in 20

46、02. 题目 Before 2002, the euro was only used electronically by _,解析 根据空白处前的by 及本句的被动语态句是可判断空白处因为动作的施动者。再以数字2002及electronically在原文定位信息源，答案就不难找到了，应为banks, foreign exchange dealers, and stock markets.,原文中的相关信息可能在表达方式上和考题有所不同甚至大相径庭，但他们都只是同义替换，考生只要牢牢抓住原文和考题的逻辑，充分利用信号词，找出二者相对应的地方，就能找到与答案相关的信息,解题技巧2：巧妙进行逻辑转换

47、或微调,例5 No building project has yet exceeded the Empire State Buildings record for speed of construction. From the beginning of construction in March 1930 it took 410 days and approximately 7 million man hours to build. It rose at an astonishing speed of 4.5 stories per week, thanks to careful planning