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1、measures planned implementation of technical protection measures and security schemes, the problems should be promptly reported to the Manager. 37th: carbon supervisor leadership and head of the company should periodically check the anti-accident measures planned, security technology protection meas

2、ures planned in implementation of measures against accidents and guarantee schemes, security technology protection measures planned in implementation. Seventh article 38th of education and training: new factory (company) production staff (including internships, commissioned officer), must be approve

3、d by the factory (company), workshop and team level safety education upon passing the examination before entering production site. Tertiary-level education after card registration, by the companys production technology section recovery archive, and reported to the company trade unions, safety record

4、. Training and examinations including the safe work procedures as well as relevant safety regulations, work environment and jobs there are risk factors, preventive measures and emergency treatment, and so on. The 39th article: new producers must receive the following training and qualified posts: (a

5、) the operating personnel, scheduling, must pass through the field point, institutional learning, on-site training and classes practice; (B) the maintenance, including technical staff, must undergo maintenance, technical specifications for learning and class practice; (C) special operations personne

6、l, must pass the national professional training, after obtaining a special operations qualifications before they can post. 40th: on-the-job training of production personnel: (I) post production staff should regularly carry out targeted of technical questions and answers, an accident expected on site

7、 training and anti-accident; (B) from running post 1 month and above the main post on duty or leave transportation . Drive system and security studies, arranged by upper management or organization of the examination. The 42nd article: June of every year once regulatory and safety procedures of the c

8、ompany system of examinations, examination the failed again, still not eligible waiting list study. Article 43rd: every year in June the work ticket issuer, assignee, licensee of work training, after passing the examination, as a formal announcement are eligible to work as ticket issuer, head of ins

9、pection, work permits and the right to a separate high-pressure equipment list, and reported to the Management Department. Failing the exam may not serve as a two person, stop classes, examinations before they can post. 44th: for breach of discipline system caused the accident, a kind of disorder an

10、d attempted serious responsibility for the accident, in addition to the relevant provisions dealing with should also be tasked to learn about a point system, and after passing the exam, before they can post. Article 45th: units of the company using the security video, slide projector, television, co

11、mputer, multimedia, radio, Billboard, artifacts, photo exhibitions, as well as security knowledge exam, lectures, contests, and other forms of advocacy, popularize the knowledge of security technology, targeted, Visual training, enhancing workers safety awareness and self-protection ability. Article

12、 46th第11页中国矿业大学2008届本科毕业设计3 道路横断面和路基设计3.1横断面布置本段路为双向四车道一级公路,根据公路规范和标准进行设计。路基总宽度为24.5m,桥梁和隧道路基断面设置见后面桥梁和隧道设计。表3.1 路基宽度组成车道宽度(m)中间带宽度(m)硬路肩(m)土路肩(m)路基总宽(m)3.752+3.7520.5+2.00+0.52.5+2.50.75+0.7524.53.2路基设计3.2.1一般路基设计1) 填方路基设计(1)填方路基断面形式图3.1填方路基断面形式(2)填料选择此段路位于山区,可以利用挖方的土石进行填筑,碎石土强度高、水稳定性好、易于碾压,而且透水性好有

13、利于路基的排水。填料岩芯抗压强度不小于15 MPa (用于护坡的不小于20MPa),在石方爆破时采取相应的爆破工艺,按比例分出三类石料:路基的主填料,要求石块粒径不超过25 cm,供粗粒层用;石屑等细料,供细粒层用;码砌边坡用的块石,主要是粒径为0. 30. 5m 的块石,选用表面比较平整的石块。路基底层首先进行地表处理,清除表土15cm。采用分层摊铺,分层碾压。每层厚度为40cm左右,采用大型压路机进行碾压。在与路床接触的那层填筑一层40 cm 厚的碎石、石屑过渡层。相邻段采用不同材料土填筑时采用斜坡连接。(3)压实标准路基土石经充分压实后,变得相当紧密,可减少压缩性,透水性及体积变化,提高

14、强度,抗变形能力和水稳定性,消除自重,行车荷载干湿作用引起的沉降和压实变形。路基压实标准见表表3.2 路基压实度标准(%)路床顶面以下深度(cm)030308080150150压实度标准96969493基底压实度90% 。2) 挖方路基设计(1)挖方路基断面形式图3.2 挖方路基断面形式(2)挖方路床处理在半填半挖路段,将挖方区域,进行多挖40cm,进行碎石处理,由此底部回弹模量相同。在全挖方路段,只多挖富裕空间,利用底基层水泥粉煤灰碎石进行找平处理。3) 边坡防护路基边坡表面的防护,主要是防止地面水流的冲刷,而且将坡面封闭隔离、可避免与大气直接接触,阻止岩土进一步风化破坏。(1) 填方填方最

15、大高度为6m,坡度为1:1.5。全部采用护拱护坡,在拱内种植草被,与当地的自然环境相互配合。(2) 挖方一般挖方岩石边坡稳定性较好。在K0+150.00K0+270.00、K0+730.00K0+810.00、K0+940.00K0+990.00段路肩处挖方高度大于10m,局部段超过20m,上部岩层破碎,每高8m设置1.5m碎落台的台阶式边坡。最上部坡面采用1:0.75坡度,并采用浆砌片石护面墙防护。下部全部采用1:0.5坡度,在岩石破碎段采用浆砌片石护面墙防护,其余岩石没风化段不进行坡面防护。护面墙每隔10m设置一条伸缩缝,墙身应预留泄水孔,基础要稳固,顶部应封闭。护面墙厚度见表3.3表3.

16、3 护面墙厚度(m)护面墙高度H/m护面墙厚度顶宽b底宽d60.400.40+0.10H6H100.400.40+0.05H3.2.2稳定性分析公路路基设计规范规定,当填方路基的边坡高度大于20m(土石边坡) 和12m(砂、砾石边坡) 时, 宜进行稳定性验算。通常我们将边坡高度大于20m(土石边坡) 以及12m(砂、砾石边坡)的填方路基视为高填方路基。此段路最大填方高度6m,没有高填方路基,路基主要为碎石土,稳定性很好,则不需进行稳定性验算。挖方路段,岩石稳定性很好,挖方高度最大在25m,则不需进行稳定性验算。3.2.3支挡设计设计支挡结构主要是防止水流冲刷更加有利于山沟的排水,设置支挡结构,

17、全部为路肩墙,地段为K1+050.00至K1+280.00。(1) 支挡类型石材比较充足,而且岩石性质很好,地基为岩石,承载力较高。则采用浆砌块石重力式路肩墙结构,结构简单、施工方便。(2) 支挡结构构造设计墙背竖直,墙面斜度为1:0.30,墙顶宽度为0.6m,基础埋深为1.50m。支挡结构为浆砌块石挡土墙,砂浆选用混合砂浆强度为M7.5。墙顶采用C15混凝土浇筑,厚10cm。挡土墙基础底采用10cm厚碎石垫层。沉降伸缩缝为每15m设置一处,缝宽为2cm。结构构造见图图3.3 挡土墙构造(3) 支挡结构验算 挡土墙验算计算模型行车荷载换算为相当与路基岩土层厚度,计入滑块体的重力中。单位长度路段

18、计算公式为 (3.1)式中 行车荷载换算高度,m; L前后轮最大 轴距,取L=4.0m; Q辆重车的重力,汽车-10为150Kn; N并列车辆数,双车道取N=2; 路基填料的容重,;B荷载横向分布宽度,B=Nb+(N-1)m+d,其中b:后轮轴距,取1.8m;m:相邻两辆撤后轮的中心间距,取1.3m;d:轮胎着地宽度,取0.5m。则 m。计算模型如图3.4图3.4 挡土墙验算计算模型 土压力计算填料参数:,填方最大高度。采用库伦方法计算破裂角 (3.2) (3.3) (3.4) (3.5)式中 破裂角,;、系数;墙背与土体见的摩擦角,;墙背的倾角,仰斜时取负值,俯斜时取正值,;H 挡土墙高度,

19、m;岩土的内摩擦角,墙背竖直,H=6m,假设破裂面交于荷载内,则则。核算:,破裂面在荷载内。计算主动土压力 (3.6) (3.7) (3.8) (3.9)式中 K主动土压力系数; 主动土压力,kN/m;、主动土压力在x、y方向的分力,kN/m。则 土压力作用点 (3.10) (3.11)土压应力 (3.12) (3.13)则 , 抗滑动稳定性验算一般情况,挡土墙的滑动稳定方程与抗滑稳定系数应满足: (3.14)式中 挡土墙基底水平投影宽度,m;地基土的内摩擦系数,; 地基土的内摩擦角;G作用与基底水平滑动面上的墙身重力、基础重力、基础上填土的重力、作用与墙顶的其他荷载的竖向力以及倾斜基底与滑动

20、面间的土锲的重力,kN;主动土压力分布系数;作用与基底的竖向力的代数和,kN,;墙背主动土压力的水平分力,kN;墙前被动土压力,kN,一般忽略不计;容许的抗滑动稳定系数。浆砌块石容重,挡土墙基底摩擦系数,。则 经验算,抗滑稳定性符合要求。 抗倾覆稳定性验算挡土墙的抗倾覆稳定性是指它抵抗墙身绕墙趾向外转动的能力,用抗倾覆稳定系数表示,其倾覆稳定方程与应满足: (3.15)式中 ,主动土压力分项系数,被动土压力分项系数; 各力系对墙趾的稳定力矩之和,即 各力系对墙趾的倾覆力矩之和,即、相应各力对墙趾的力臂,m;容许的抗倾覆稳定系数。抗倾覆稳定系数,经过计算挡土墙重心,则 经验算,抗倾覆稳定性符合要

21、求。 基底应力及偏心距验算基底合力的偏心距,按下式计算 (3.16)式中 基底合力的偏心距,m;作用与基底型芯的弯矩组合值,MPa;垂直力组合值, 。则设置在岩石土基上的挡土墙明挖基础,不计基底拉应力,仅按压应力重分布计算基底压应力,即 (3.17)垂直一基底的合力对受压边缘的力臂,按下式计算 (3.18)基底最大应力值,应满足 (3.19)式中 经基础埋深修正后的地基承载力设计值,kPa; 地基承载力设计值提高系数。查阅规范,对于碎石类地基中等密实容许承载力为0.500.80,取0.6,提高系数。则, 经验算,基地应力满足要求。 墙身截面强度验算挡土墙为浆砌块石砌筑,截面为矩形,墙身没有应力

22、集中部分,不需进行截面强度验算。3.2.4路基施工要求及注意事项1)填石路基施工(1)材料要求严格按照规范要求控制填石路基材料的质量和规格,进场块石材料应与送检材料一致,填料岩芯抗压强度不小于15 MPa (用于护坡的不小于20MPa) ;严重风化软岩不用于填石路基;易风化的软岩不用于路基上部,也不用于路基浸水部分。在石方爆破时采取相应的爆破工艺,按比例分出三类石料:路基的主填料,要求石块粒径不超过25 cm,供粗粒层用;石屑等细料,供细粒层用;码砌边坡用的块石,主要是粒径为0. 30. 5m 的块石,选用表面比较平整的石块。填石的粒径及级配在开采料场控制,施工单位根据现场情况采用洞室松动爆破

23、、光面爆破或小型爆破,要求填石料符合以下指标:最大粒径不超过层厚的2/ 3,超大粒径石块应集中起来,进行二次爆破、机械或人工砸碎。用作路堤填料的填石料,除限制其最大粒径外,一般对填料级配不作特别限制,但要求不均匀系数Cu 5 ,曲率系数Cc = 13 。当发现由于某种粒径的填料欠缺(一般为细料) 而影响压实结果时,可采用补充该级级配填料的办法进行改善。石块级配较差,石块间的空隙较大时,可于每层表面的空隙里扫入石碴、石屑和中、粗砂,再以压力水将砂冲入下部,反复数次,将空隙填满。填石路基的填料如其岩性相差较大,则应将不同岩性的填料分层或分段填筑,不宜横向分幅填筑。(2)基底处理路堤基底视地形、土质

24、、地下水位、填石路基高度等不同进行相应处理。若原地面横坡缓于15,可直接填筑在天然地面上,一般耕植土地段原地面清除表土15 cm。路堤基底应进行填前夯实,保证压实度(重型击实标准) 不小于90 % ,若填土高度小于路床厚度,则基底的压实度按路床的压实度标准执行。当原地面自然横坡较陡(陡于15) 时,路堤基底应挖成台阶,每级台阶宽度12 m,高度为一层压实厚度。其后进行基底平整碾压作业,使基底土层的强度和密实度达到设计标准。(3)施工工艺运输、堆料及摊铺运输过程中要注意避免装料、卸料中的离析现象。填石路基应逐层填筑,安排专人指挥卸料,按水平分层,先低后高,先两侧后中央卸料。堆料与摊铺同时进行,摊

25、铺厚度略低于最终摊铺厚度,并应全幅摊铺。对大粒径石料,应人工手摆,大面向下,小面向上,摆放平稳,再用石屑塞缝,最后压实。对于有明显空洞、孔隙的地方,应补充细料,用水压法将其冲入下部,反复多次,待空隙填满后再碾压。对于碾压后仍有松动的块石,应用合适粒径的小块石嵌实,并用手锤敲紧。碾压填石路基采用冲击式压路机、重型振动压路机或夯锤进行压实,填石路基应分层填筑,分层压实。遵循先轻后重、先慢后快、先边后中(先低后高)的原则。碾压时应注意的问题:压路机不能停在刚碾压的路段上;碾压时不能调头、转弯、急刹车;采用阶梯形碾压;碾压时驱动轮在前,从动轮在后。边坡码砌填石路基采用超幅50 cm 碾压,以便压路机能

26、够压到路基边缘,待成型稳定后用挖掘机刷坡。码砌石块尽量紧贴、密实,无明显空洞、松动现象,砌块间承力接触面应微微向内倾斜。码砌表面平整,在曲线上的码砌边坡应平顺,码砌后的边坡坡率应符合设计要求。路基整修在填石料表面填筑其它填料(如土、粉煤灰等)时,填石料表面应先填筑一层30 cm 厚的碎石、石屑过渡层,过渡层碎石粒料应小于10 cm ,其中小于0. 5 cm 的细料含量应大于30 %。在路基基本完工后,检查测量中基面的中心线标高以及路基宽度和边坡坡度,并进行路基整修工作。(4)公路路基质量控制表3.4 公路路基质量标准序号内容标准1压实度95%2高程+10mm,-20mm3中心偏位50mm4宽度

27、+0以上5平整度20mm6横坡度0.5%7弯沉设计值2)挖方路基施工路基开挖采用爆破施工,坡面应采用光面爆破方法。严禁用大爆破而造成边坡松动和失稳。由于土石方用于后面填方路基填筑,则爆破应控制石料粒径大小,合理控制布孔、孔距及药量、爆破方法。石方开挖自上而下分层进行,分层高度控制在8米以内,与边坡设计台阶高度相一致。regular issuance system of internal and external accident cases, organizational learning, analysis and discussion on a regular basis, and edu

28、cate the persons concerned in a timely manner. 47th article: strengthening the safety of staff, establishing the concept of legalization of production safety, establish a people-oriented concept, three do no harm (dont hurt yourself, no harm to others, not to be hurt). 48th eighth day routine: pre-s

29、hift and post-shift monitor organizations, safety assist. Before class: succession (started), combined with shift operation and tasks for better risk analysis, arranged security account considerations. After class: summarizing comment on duty and the security situation, praise good deeds criticism i

30、gnored safety, illegal operations and other adverse phenomena, and completes the record. 49th: safety day event organized by the monitor, safety help, workshop leaders and checking activities. Classes (groups) or rotating a safety day event a week, activities to learn more about the superior file an

31、d the spirit of the meeting, informed of the accident, analysis of the company, workshop and fewer security incidents, as well as the typical illegal team, analysis of operation environment, there may be a risk factor for the main content. 50th: security analysis companies every quarter of a securit

32、y analysis; shop at least once a month analysis, comprehensive analysis of production trends, sum up lessons learned from and the weakness in safety management, accident prevention measures in the study. Meeting was chaired by enterprise security responsibility, concerning the participation of Heads

33、 of Department, workshop. Formation meeting and made public. 51st: security check for carbon companys periodic and non-periodic safety checks should be carried out. Periodic inspection includes fall and spring security checks, security checks should be combined with spring or autumn season characteristics and accident law . 52nd: security analysis companies should all be actively involved in the preparation of security advisories, bulletins, integrated security, analysis of accident law, drawing on lessons learned from. 53rd: the companys safety safety mont

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