lec-1 烟台人文英语 句法部分 绪论.ppt

1、烟台人文英译(一)：基础训练,教材: 李玉陈. 英语专业研究生句法与翻译基础 (Fundamentals of Syntax and Translation for Chinese EFL Graduate Students). 山东大学出版社，2014. / 讲义 参考书: 王宏印. 文学翻译批评概论. 中国人民大学出版社，2009）,鲁东大学外国语学院 MTI课程,Translating Yantai,1. Aims of the course,To help you to attain adequate familiarity with important similarities an

2、d dissimilarities in syntax between E and C;,The present part of the course is designed: To clarify to you the definitions, the concepts, and the working system of English syntax;,To develop your ability to make syntactic analysis and also the initial competence to do syntactic research;,To enhance

3、your ability to apply what you have learned to solving syntactic problems you shall meet in translation practices.,2. Coverage:,IV. APPLYING English Syntax (to Translating),III. ASSIMILATING English Syntax,II. ACQUIRING English Syntax,I. APPROACHING English Syntax,3. Pedagogic considerations(1) Appr

4、oaches: theoretical vs. practical / pedagogical,(2) Objectives: accurate acquisition of facts, adequate assimilation of facts and rules, and appropriate application of rules to practice, esp. translating between E and C.,(3) Methods: rule-centered and practice-orientated,4. Academic requirements,B.

5、Advanced: (4) Wide-ranging encyclopedic knowledge 各类知识广博 (5) Many-sided professional abilities 业务能力多面 (6) Task-adapted flexible methodology 应对方法灵活,A. Basic: (1) Clear-cut conceptual understanding 基本概念清楚 (2) Rule-governed linguistic performance 语言行为规范 (3) Well-acquired productive proficiency 务实技能熟练,C

6、. Ultimate: (7) In-depth overall mastery of the subject 专业融会贯通 (8) Self-developed originality of thought 个人见解独到,Part I Approaching English Syntax Lecture OneSome Basic Concepts of English Syntax,Contents:I. Syntax and syntactic units: Concepts1. Syntax2. Syntactic units defined3. More facts about th

7、e syntactic unitsII. The sentence: An overview for basic concepts1. Sentence elements2. Basic sentence structures3. Sentence patterns4. Sentence typesIII. Syntactic units redefined For your assignment,1.1 Syntax 1) Etymology : Origin of the word syntax English syntax French syntaxe Late Latin syntax

8、is Greek suntaxis Greek suntassein (to join, put together, put in order) Greek syn- (together) + tassein (to arrange),I. Syntax and syntactic units,2) Meaning of the word “syntax”,B. Modern: Facts about, and rules for, ordering and connecting words to form phrases, clauses, or sentences,A. Original(

9、1) Orderly or systematic arrangement of parts or elements(2) Connected order or system of things(3) Orderly arrangement or system,3) Syntax as a subject: Branch of linguistics dealing with grammatical arrangement of words in sentences ofA. Languages in general, i.e. universal syntax,B. A given langu

10、age (1) The totality of facts about the arrangement of words, i.e. description;(2) A systematic statement of the rules governing the grammatical arrangement of words, i.e. prescription,4) English syntax: Branch of English grammar dealing with the construction and function of phrases, clauses, and se

11、ntences, and covering these four main areas:Sentence elements, structures; patterns; styles,1.2 Syntactic units: A preliminary classification and clarification,1) Sentence: Normally a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, which expresses a thought or message in form of a statement, qu

12、estion, command / request, or exclamation; A sentence in writing begins with a capital letter and ends with any of the marks .!?; in speaking, it begins following a silence and ends with any of various final pitches followed by a terminal juncture, a fall, or rise, or fall-rise.,2) Clause: A group o

13、f words always containing a subject and finite verb, usually forming part of a compound or complex sentence; a dependent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction, or relative pronoun or adverb, functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb; a non-dependent clause is a sentence on its own.,3) Phra

14、se: A sequence of two or more words not containing a subject and finite verb, and used as a single word conveying a single thought and forming a distinct element of a sentence.,4) Word: The smallest syntactic unit; a function word has abstract meaning and serves to connect notional words to form a p

15、hrase, clause, or sentence; a notional word has concrete meaning used alone or in combination with another word or other words as a sentence element.,II. The Sentence: An Overview,2.1 Sentence elements1) SPOCAd vs. SVOCA.2) The subject and predicate can be regarded as the major sentence elements, an

16、d the object, complement, and adverbial as minor sentence elements.,3) The relative clause is(1) Recognized in modern grammar as part of a noun phrase; but(2) Actually functioning as an attributive, adverbial, or connective clause.,4) The appositive and the appositional clause are by and large negle

17、cted in modern grammar.,2.2 Eight basic English sentence structures,1 Jack is a student.杰克是个学生。English structure: SPCs Chinese structure: SPCs 2 He has a personal computer 他有一台个人计算机。E: SP + (Prem) O C: SP + (Prem) O,3 There was something wrong with it yesterday. 昨天（它）出了点故障。E: There+P+(Pm)S+Ad End-po

18、sitioned Adjunct C: Ad Front-positioned Adjunct SP + (Prem) O,4 Its memory did not work well（它的）内存不好使了。E: SPAd End-positioned C: SAdFront-positioned P,5 He asked the dealer to come and fix it.他要经销商来修理（它）。E: S P Od Co C: S P Od Co,6 Quite unexpectedly, the dealer brought him a new one.完全出人意料，经销商带给他一台

19、新机。E: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) OdC: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) Od,7 It is rare for a buyer to enjoy such a favor.买方享受这等优惠是难得的。 E: It+PCs+Real Subject C: S noun clause PCs,8 Jack, however, thinks it only too reasonable for him to get the new one.杰克却认为他得到那台新机是理所当然的。E: SAd Conjunct P+it+Co+Real Object

20、C: SAd Conjunct PO Noun clause, etc.,2.3 Three unique structural features of English syntax in contrast with Chinese: - the use of the introductory there , - the anticipatory it, - post-modification that leads to some major structural distinctions between English and Chinese syntax.,2.4 Sentence pat

21、terns and sentence complication,An English sentence can be intensively complicated because of the use of phrases as sentence elements:1 I consider the body as a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, | a bundle of pipes and strainers, | fitted to one another | after so wonderful

22、 a manner | as to make a proper engine | for the soul to work with. Joseph Addison A simple sentence with one finite verb and five phrasal modifiers,and extensively complicated because of the use of clauses as sentence elements:2 I have observed that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till

23、 he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man, of a mild or choleric disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars of the like nature that conduce very much to the right understanding of an author. Joseph Addison A complex sentence with four subordinate clauses,Concluded:-

24、 English syntactic forms vary from one another not so much in their basic structures as in their relative complexity.,- There are, theoretically, innumerable sentence patterns in terms of complexity. In practice, however, only a limited number of them are in active use. (Study-read the 400 sentence

25、patterns in the book),1) Form: we make a division of the English sentences into major and minor types.,(2) Minor sentences in irregular clause patterns -Dependent clauses: Why, if it isnt Susan! -Non-finite v-constructions: President to visit US. | Dow off 25% since Peak 6 Months Ago. (newspaper hea

26、dline) - Single words or phrases: Taxi! - Block language: No Parking!,(1) Major sentences in regular clause patterns a. Simple sentences b. Multiple sentences,2.5 Sentence types viewed from different perspectives Sentence style will be discussed elsewhere.,“Block language”, according to Quirk et al.

27、 (1985), appears in such functions as labels, titles, newspaper headlines, headings, notices, and advertisements. Simple block language messages consist of a noun or noun phrase or nominal clause in isolation; no verb is needed, because all the else necessary to the understanding of the message is f

28、urnished by the context.,Canada goose flying close to the water.,2) UseRead carefully the examples on P. 11-13 for the declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentence, respectively.,3) Structures in regular clause patterns (Major sentences)Read carefully the examples on P. 13-16 for the simple, compound, and complex sentence, and the four types of conjunctions represented by the four A-letter conjunctions.,III. The syntactic units re-defined,1) More facts about the syntactic units,1) A sentence can also be a sing