第四讲Unit7-The-Silk-Road(丝绸之路).ppt

1、Part II. Creativity and Exchange,Part II. Creativity and Exchange,Unit 7 The Silk Road,What does The Silk Road refer to ?,4,Introduction,The Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land，

2、Southern Silk Road on the land and the Silk Road on the sea.,Introduction,The Northern Silk Road on the land usually refers to the routes start from Changan(now Xian), travelling west to Wuwei, passing though Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang and go west to Europe.,Introduction,The Southern Silk Road on the

3、 land usually refers to the route starts from Sichuan Province and go south to India and Burma. This road has also played a great role in the war between China and Japan.,Introduction,The Silk Road on the sea mainly started from Guangzhou,Quanzhou,Dengzhou,Yangzhou,and Mingzhou ports, then it goes e

4、ast to Korea,Japan, south to East-southern countries and west to Europe and Africa.,The Northern Silk Road on the land is the most famous,and We know it very well.,Beginning,Its very hard to say exactly when the Silk Road started. Many incoherent small scale trade routes have existed long ago. They

5、can be considered as the earliest Silk Road beginning form.,11,Originating from Changan(the present-day Xian),the route traversed Shanxi Province,the hexi corridor in Gansu province ,the Tarim Basin in Xingjing,the Pamir mountain region ,Afghanistan,Iran, Iraq and Syria, ending at Mediterranean.,THE

6、 SILK ROAD Han Dynasty,The Silk Road formally started after Zhang Qians visiting as an envoy to Western Region in Western Han Dynasty. He went there twice separately in 138 B.C and 119 B.C. He plays an important role in exploring the Silk Road.,13,(164BC114BC),An explorer, traveler and diplomat in H

7、an dynasty.,Why sent Zhang Qian ?,14,15,The ancient Silk Road in northwest China has a history of more than two thousand years. Originally, the Chinese traded silk internally within the empire. Caravans旅行队from the empires interior would carry silk to the western edges of the region. They were often

8、attacked by the small Central Asian tribes who wanted to capture the traders valuable commodities.,Trail Blazer of THE SILK ROAD,16,The expansion of the Han empire made the Silk road possible by opening up trade routes. In order to protect these caravans and assure the safety of the trade, the Han G

9、overnment dispatched General ZhangQian as an envoy to build good relationships with these tribes.,Trail Blazer of THE SILK ROAD,Zhang Qian was sent to make an alliance with the Huns, which was never successful. He did however learn about crops such as grapes, a more powerful horse for combat, and es

10、tablished trade relationships.,The father of the Silk Road,Zhang Qian -father of Silk Road,18,THE SILK ROAD Han Dynasty,Starting from Changan, todays Xian, which was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang led his team across the vast Western Regions and reached Loulan, Guizi and Yutian states

11、 and established trade relations with these small kingdoms.,THE SILK ROAD Han Dynasty,After Zhang Qian, Ban Chao took on a mission to the Western Region, smoothing the Silk Road that had been blocked by external wars. His assistant Gan Ying reached Daqin (ancient Rome) and even went to Persian Gulf,

12、 extended the Silk Road.,20,THE SILK ROAD,Loulan, Guizi and Yutian were three important states in the Western Region at that time. They were all abandoned for uncertain reasons and travelers today can see ruins of these three once flourishing places.,21,THE SILK ROAD,Zhangs officers went even furthe

13、r into the central Asia. All of the kingdoms that Zhang and his team had visited sent their envoys to visit Changan (todays Xian) to express their appreciation for the new relationship and show their respect to the Han Government.,22,THE SILK ROAD,From then on, merchants could travel on the silk rou

14、te safely, and they began to explore this new route in order to carry silk from China to other parts of the world.,Silk was a valuable trade good because it was a cloth that was strong, warm, light, and soft. It was valuable because at the time only the Chinese knew how to make it. Under Han rule re

15、vealing the silk making process was punishable by death.,Silk as a trade good,What did the Silk Road function in the past?,24,-Trade route -A bridage that linked Ancient China to the outside world -,The Silk Road was one of the reasons the Han dynasty prospered with a network of smaller trade routes

16、 that stretched more than four thousand miles. The Roman empire dominated the Mediterranean, but the silk road connected both powerful empires and linked the people of the east and the west for over a thousand years.,The Silk Road,When people of other culture learned about silk, it was a highly priz

17、ed material. The roman wanted silk and it was considered luxury item. The Roman traded glassware and gold something the Chinese really wanted.,Rome trades glassware for silk,Tang Dynasty,The Tang Dynasty government paid more attention to the Silk Road.Unlike the Silk Road in Han Dynasty, Tang Dynast

18、y had control over some areas of Western Region and Central Asia along the road, establishing effective and sturdy orders, which cleared obstacles for Chinese businessmen.,28,THE SILK ROAD,The famous Chinese Monk Xuanzang in Tang Dynasty traveled along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty.,29,THE S

19、ILK ROAD,The famous Chinese Monk Xuanzang in Tang Dynasty traveled along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty.,Xuanzang began his trip from Changan (todays Xian) and passed through the GanSu Corridor, HaMi, TurPan and continued his journey westward to India. Xuanzang was surprised by the warm recep

20、tion he received along his way.,30,THE SILK ROAD,It was commonly believed that people in those states were brutal, wild and uncontrollable. Xuangzangs trip changed the attitude toward the nomadic tribes in the Western Region and this contributed greatly to the Tang governments friendly relationship

21、with these states.,Tang Dynasty,After An Shi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, the empire fell down. By 760 AD, the Tang Government had lost control of the Western Region and the trade on the Silk Road was halted.,Yuan Dynasty,The silk road on the land revived greatly during Yuan Dynasty period when China

22、became largely dependent on its silk trade. Genghis Khan conquered all the small states, unified China and built a large empire under his rule.,33,THE SILK ROADYuan Dynasty,Trade along the Silk Road reached its zenith during this period. The famous traveler Marco Polo traveled along the Silk Road vi

23、siting DaDu that is todays Beijing and wrote his famous book about the orient and introduced China to western countries systematically.,34,THE SILK ROAD,As overland trade became increasingly dangerous, and travel by sea became more popular, trade along the Silk Road declined. While the Chinese did m

24、aintain a silk-fur trade with the Russians north of the original Silk Route.,Declination,By the end of the fourteenth century, trade and travel along the road had decreased significantly. Gradually it was replaced by the Silk Road on the sea.,36,THE SILK ROAD,The Silk Road was definitely an importan

25、t path for cultural, commercial and technological exchange between traders, merchants,pilgrim ,missionaries even soldiers. During more than 2000 years, the road improved the transfer from nomads to urban dwellers across the Asian continent even the countries bordering upon Mediterranean.,Influence,T

26、he Silk Road greatly promoted the exchanges of economy, technology and culture among the Asian, the European and the African.it made the whole world colorful.,The Silk road was not one continuous route, but a series of shorter trade routes so the goods could change many time before reaching the fina

27、l destination. From Luoyang , the silk road led west along the Gobi Desert to Dunhuang in Northwestern China. Travelers rode a Camel on the eastern silk road. From Dunhuang travelers choose either a northern or southern route across the Takliman desert to Kashgar. Travelers faced many problems such

28、as bandits often attacking, sandstorms, and lack of water.,The Eastern Silk Road,Silk was the perfect trading good, because it was light and valuable. Goods had to be easily carried so that merchants could transport more goods on fewer animals. Besides silk, the Chinese also traded fine dishware, or

29、naments, jewelry, cast iron products, and decorative boxes. The Chinese received a variety of trades for their goods such as horses, jade, furs, gold, cotton, spices, pearls, and ivory.,Goods exchanged along the eastern silk road,Kashgar was the central trading point and they traveled Westward. Inst

30、ead of carrying goods by camel they carried goods by Yak. The Western Silk road went through mountains, deserts, and then finally reached the Mediterranean ports. The dangers of the Western Silk road were treacherous Mountains know as “Trail of bones.” In the Syrian Desert traders were threatened by

31、 tigers, lions, and scorpions.,The Western Silk Road,Rome sent a number of products to be exchanged for Chinese silk such as vases, trays, small bottles, asbestos, and gold. Tiberius the emperor of Rome passed a law where it was illegal to wear silk. It was believed that Tiberius though it would mak

32、e the Romans look soft and weak, but many believed it was because of the shortage of gold.,Goods excahnged along the western silk road,The trade between east and west created cultural diffusion. By 500 B.C.E. the West and east had learned to make new products from each other such as glass and silk.

33、With the sharing of cultures such as India, Buddhism spread throughout china and other surrounding civilizations. Food were also brought throughout the silk road. China imported new food such as grapes, figs, pomegranates, and walnuts. The West imported oranges, peaches, pears, and different flowers

34、 such as chrysanthemums.,Cultural Exchanges and the Silk Road,43,THE SILK ROAD,The emergence of the Silk Road vigorously promoted the East-West economic, cultural exchanges, and contributed to the rise of the Han Dynasty. Further more, that route is a key pathway of Intercourse between East and West

35、, either.,44,As the road to the west was popularly known for its trade of silk, which was priced as valuable as gold, that commercial route came to be known as the Silk Road.,45,.Routes of the Silk Road,Generally speaking , there were two major routes: one was overland, the other was across the Indi

36、an Ocean.,46,The sea route of “Silk Road” normally starts from Guangxi or else port towns on the southeastern coast of China. A fleet extends its voyage through the sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal（孟加拉湾）, around the Malay Peninsula, off the coast of Burma, and came to

37、 Southeast Asia and the India Peninsula. Then, it continues along a route across the Indian Ocean, the Arab Sea, the Persian Gulf(波斯湾), the Red sea and finally arrives at destination ports of Africa or Europe.,47,Guangxi the sea of Japan the Bay of Bengal the India Peninsula the Persian Gulf,48,With the development of seamanship and navigation, particularly after