形容词和形容词短语的用法

1、Chapter 23 Adjective and Adjective Phrase,Warming-up 1. Classification 2. Adjectives and participles p263 3. Adjectives as modifier in noun phrases 4. Adjectives as complement p268 5. Notes,Here are some adjectives that specifically describe nouns related to the picture below:,African-American girl

2、Lovely girl Yellow shirt Happy girl Shiny apple colorful books green book Brown hair Small eyes Round face ,Why are adjectives important to use,It makes your writing/speaking more visual and vivid. It appeals to our senses so we can hear, see, touch, taste, and even smell what youre describing. It m

3、akes reading and writing much more fun.,Here are two sentences: one uses adjectives, one doesnt. Which one allows you to see the picture better?,a. The rainforest contains flowers and plants that may help cure hospital patients. b. The fresh, lush rainforest contains hundreds of bright, colorful flo

4、wers and healthy, green plants that may help cure many weak hospital patients.,形容词(Adjective)的分类,词的构成 句法功能 词汇意义,单词形容词 复合形容词,中心形容词 外围形容词,动态形容词 静态形容词 等级形容词 非等级形容词,形容词+形容词 bitter-sweet 形/副+-ing good-looking, hard-working 形/副+-ed newfangled, well-meant 名+形 duty-free 名+-ing law-abiding 名+-ed hand-made 形+

5、名+-ed kind-hearted,a)transformed from adverbial phrases: e.g.: round-the-clock discussion the ahead-of-schedule general election b)transformed from verb phrases e.g.: a stand-up collar a see-through shirt c)condensed by attributive clause e.g.: an easy-to-paint portrait = a portrait which is easy to

6、 paint a difficult-to-operate machine d)formed by a sentence e.g.: He spoke in a look-whos-talking tone. There was an I-told-you-so air on his face.,Some other compound adjs.:, in terms of syntactic function: (1) central adjectives: able to be used both as modifier and as complement (2) peripheral a

7、djectives: unable to satisfy both the requirements A attributive adjectives: only as modifier B predicative adjectives: only as complement of subject or object,Central vs. Peripheral,Green apples are sour. Pillar-boxes are green. They have painted the windows green. central,Only as Premodifier:,A. D

8、aily, weekly, monthly, yearly e.g. My weekly pay is $150. Im paid weekly. My pay is weekly?,B. most: utmost, foremost, innermost, etc. C. er: elder/eldest, inner, other, upper, latter, former, outer, utter, etc. D. en: wooden, leaden, golden, silken, earthen, woolen, flaxen, etc. (material) E. only,

9、 mere, sole, total, main, chief (for emphasis) G. ing: living, existing, remaining, neighboring, dying (Ti),Only as SC,He is an alive man.? He is a living man / he is alive. An alone person? A lone person / he is alone. An asleep child? A sleeping child/ the child is asleep. They are of an alike sha

10、pe.? They are of a like shape/ they are alike in shape.,A well man? A healthy man/ he is well. An afraid man? A frightened man / he is afraid An ill person? A sick person / he is ill/sick.,He is very asleep.? He is fast asleep/ he is sound asleep. He is very awake.? He is wide awake. He is very awar

11、e of his danger.? He is fully aware/quite aware of his danger. Much, Exception: I am very well.,Only as SC:,A. a-: afraid, alive, alone, asleep, aware, awake, ashamed, ablaze, averse, aloof B. well, worth, content, ill, drunk, sunk, sure, unable, subject,动态形容词和静态形容词,静态形容词：描写人或物的静态特征，即外貌，形状，颜色等不可随意发生

12、变化的特征。如：ugly, red, tall, deep etc. 大多数的形容词都属于静态形容词。 动态（感）形容词：带有动作含义的形容词，即描写心理活动，表情特点等可以发生不定变化特征的词。如：ambitious, happy, loyal, timid etc.,用法区别：,1.动态形容词可与动词be的进行体搭配，而静态形容词不可以。 The kid is being quiet in front of his father. *The kid is being short.,2. 动态形容词可用于由动词be为首的祈使句，而静态形容词不可以。 Be careful! You may h

13、urt the little puppy. *Be blue.,3.动态形容词可用于使役结构，而静态形容词不可以。 I begged my parents to be friendly to my ex-husband. *I begged my parents to be pretty.,等级形容词和非等级形容词,大多数形容词都是等级形容词。 其特征有：1.具有比较等级 fat fatter fattest reasonable more reasonable most reasonable 2.能接受强调词的修饰 very good so amazing extremely moody,所

14、有的动态形容词和大多数静态形容词都是可等级的。有一些静态形容词，特别是某些由名词转化来的表类别，来源或出处的形容词是不可等级的。 electrical toothbrush * It is the most electrical one. Spanish architects * He is very Spanish. 另：还有少数本身带有“极度，极端”含义的形容词，如perfect, enthusiastic（极感兴趣的）,excellent, extreme, paramount（极为重要的，至高无上的）etc.也属于非等级形容词，因为它们本身已经是“最高级”。 *more perfect

15、 , * most paramount, *very enthusiastic,形容词与分词,-ing分词和-ed分词可作名词修饰语，起形容词的作用，并具有 形容词的各种特征，故称为分词形容词。,The film was very amusing. 能被very修饰 This time they achieved more satisfying results. 有比较级形式 Smith is the most experienced doctor in the hospital. 有最高级形式 I shall be delighted to meet you at the airport.

16、做主语补足语,1）由-ing分词转化而来的形容词 如: absorbing, amusing, boring, challenging, disappointing, misleading, shocking 等。 这些词的否定形式通常带前缀un-,如 unchanging, unencouraging, uninteresting等。 2）由-ed分词转化而来的形容词 如：amazed, amused, bored, excited, surprised, relaxed, unknown, unprepared, unsettled等 以-ing结尾的形容词通常翻译为“令人” 以-ed结尾

17、的形容词通常翻译为“感到” 有些-ed分词本身不具形容词特性，要带副词做修饰语构成复合词。如：badly-behaved, newly-invented 等。 Eg： The job was done well. It was a well-done job.,主动意义和被动意义,由-ing分词转化而来的形容词通常带有主动意义，而由及物动词的-ed分词转化而来的形容词通常带有被动意义。,boiling water 沸腾的水 exciting news 振奋人心的消息 a pleasing voice 悦耳的嗓音,boiled water 煮开了的水 an excited audience 兴奋

18、激昂的听众 a pleased look 满意的表情,2.Adjectives with same functions as -ing participles,病人很危险。 The patient is dangerous.？ 我很难。 Im difficult.？ 我疼。 Im painful.？,It is very dangerous for the patient. The patient is in danger. The patient is dangerously ill. dangerous: pose danger to others/make others feel end

19、angered Dangerous place/ criminal. It is dangerous to drive at a high speed.,It is very difficult for me to make it. I find it very difficult to . Difficult: pose difficulty to others The task/ exam is difficult. You are difficult./ he is a difficult customer.,I feel a pain. I am in a pain. I have a

20、 pain. Painful: cause others to feel pain. A painful foot. Painful lessons/ problems A painful illness/ life,Active vs. passive,Dangerous-endangered Painfulpained Pleasantpleased Delightfuldelighted Frightfulfrightened Satisfactory-satisfied Enviousenviable Forgetfulforgettable Toleranttolerable,以-f

21、ul，-ous, -some结尾的形容词往往具有主动含义； 以-able，-ible结尾的形容词往往具有被动意义。,Contemptuouscontemptible Desirousdesirable credulouscredible Dependent-dependable Tiresometired Troublesometroubled Shamefulashamed -ful, -ous ent/ant, -ory, -ive vs. able, -ible, -worthy -ing vs. -ed (p263) Ex 23c p 263,1 contemptuous: showi

22、ng contempt, scornful contemptible: deserving contempt 2 credulous: (too) ready to believe things, credible: that can be believed, trustworthy 3 desirous: feeling desire, hopeful desirable: to be desired, worth having,1 contemptiblecontemptuous A You are showing a _ lack of courage. B Those who are

23、_ of public opinions are doomed to fail. 2 crediblecredulous: A It is almost impossible to believe. It is hardly _. B They are not _ people who accept all the promises of the politicians.,3 desirabledesirous: A All the people are _ of peace. B It is most _ that he should attend the conference. C I a

24、m _ to go with you. 4 delighteddelightful A It is a _ day! B Ive read your letter and am _ with it. 5 frightenedfrightful A The _ accident killed ten people. B The boy was _ to hear the news.,3. Adjectives as modifier in noun phrases p266,Order: Determiner evaluation size, shape, age color nationali

25、ty, origin, material use/ purpose -noun head a German church well-known medical Those round porcelain beautiful vases multi-colored Chinese e.g. a well-known German medical church Those beautiful round multi-colored Chinese porcelain vases,口诀记忆：县主官行令宴国材公。,功能 材料 国别 颜色 年龄 形状 冠词 主观评价 限定词,Positions of a

26、djectives when used as modifiers 1 premodifiers: used before the head noun 2 postmodifiers: used after the head noun (1)when the headword is a some-any-no-every- compound (2) when some predicative adjective is used as modifiers,(1)形容词修饰不定代词 I would like to have something interesting to read. Anyone

27、intelligent can do it. (2) 表语形容词作定语 He spoke like a man afraid. The house ablaze is next door to me. (3) 形容词短语作定语 I know an actor suitable for the part. A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.,形容词作后置定语的规律,在以下情况，用作定语的形容词可以后置，也可以前置：,1)以-able和-ible结尾的形容词：可置于前有最高级形容词或only等词的名词之后， Thatistheonlysolutionpossible. Pleaseput