Landmark培训多媒体之四.ppt

1、StratWorks Chapter 9: Interpreting Cross Sections and Editing Maps,Presenter Title Landmark Graphics Corporation,Part No. 625579 Rev. J,9-1,Chapter 9: Interpreting Cross Sections and Editing Maps,StratWorks generates fault grids to help you interpret cross sections, and uses fault polygons to preven

2、t contouring through fault zones. In this chapter, youll learn about these and other techniques as you continue to build your interpretation.,9-1,Overview,In this chapter, youll learn to create fault segments edit surface grid intersections generate fault grids and use fault grid intersections as an

3、 interpretation aid draw fault polygons in MapView based on the apparent fault heaves indicated by your cross section interpretations use fault polygons to eliminate contouring through fault zones edit contours.,9-2,Training Workflow,9-3,Strat Column Editor: Re-visited,In this chapter, you return to

4、 the Strat Column Editor to create the faults for use in Cross Section Interpretation.,9-4,Defining Faults,Recall that you can create faults as you interpret in Correlation, youCAN create faults as you interpret in Cross Section, and you can first create the faults in the Strat Column Editor. Faults

5、 are defined by name fault type (normal or reverse) color line type line width fault status (active or inactive),The fault name and fault type assigned to a given fault is the same for all interpreters working in the project.,Column Faults,9-6,Exercise: Creating a Normal Fault,When you create faults

6、 in the Strat Column Editor, you are basically just making a catalog of faults that you can use later as you interpret. For this reason, you may find it useful to create several reverse faults and several normal faults at the same time.,9-6 to 9-7,In this exercise, you useStrat Column Editor to crea

7、tea normal fault that you willinterpret in Cross Section.,9-8,Interpreting Cross Sections,Cross Section is used to examine well-to-well relationships and to interpret faults and surfaces between wells. Interpretation in Cross Section involves (1) creating and editing fault segments (2) generating an

8、d editing fault grid intersections (3) editing surface grid intersections derived from surface maps (4) creating and editing surface segments drawn by interpreters,9-8,Interpreting Cross Sections,Fault segments represent the intersection of a fault with the line of section. They are drawn by the int

9、erpreter. Surface grid intersections and surface segments are similar. They represent the intersection of a surface with the line of section. However, surface grid intersections are derived from grids and surface segments are drawn (interpreted) by the user.,9-9,Interpreting Cross Sections,You can e

10、dit surface grid intersections. When you do, the edited surface grid intersection is saved in the database as a surface segment linked to your interpreters initials.,9-10,Interpreting Cross Sections,Fault grids (named faultgrid) are automatically generated from the fault segments you create. Once yo

11、u interpret the same fault on two cross sections, a fault grid is generated to represent the fault plane between those two cross sections. As you interpret the fault on additional cross sections, the fault grid is extended. Fault grid intersections represent the intersection of the fault grid with a

12、 LOS. You can edit fault grid intersections. When you do, the edited intersection becomes a fault segment linked to your interpreters initials.,9-11,Interpreting Cross Sections,For each fault segment you draw in Cross Section, an apparent fault heave arrow showing the amount of displacement and dire

13、ction of throw is created in MapView for the surface whose segments were snapped to the fault. Apparent fault heave arrows are displayed only when the MapView is in the edit mode for a faulted surface. They are used as guides in drawing fault polygons.,9-13,Exercise: Preparing the Cross Sections,In

14、these exercises, you build strategically placed lines of section, and display the cross sections. Then you are ready to begin interpreting. Creating Lines of Section Across a Possible Fault In this exercise, youll create two lines of section that cross a suspected fault. Later, youll digitize fault

15、segments on these two sections and see how that data is used to generate a fault grid. Displaying a Cross Section with Deviated Wells In this exercise, you display your first cross section with directional wells shown as deviated well traces.,9-13 to 9-20,9-21,Creating and Editing Segments,While you

16、 are in Interpret mode, all segments and grid intersections faults and surfacescreated by you (and other interpreters allowed by Interpreter/Source Priority) for the current cross section are displayed, and can be edited.,Interpretation Interpret,9-22,Controlling Smoothing,As you draw or edit segmen

17、ts and/or grid intersections, the application applies a splining algorithm to smooth the line. When you are editing an existing segment, you can click on a point (red dot) to change the spline smooth amount from that point to the neighboring points on either side. You should choose the degree of smo

18、othing you want before you start digitizing segments.,9-23,Drawing Segments,In Cross Section, you draw segments with a series of button presses: Button 1 digitizes a point. Button 2 deletes a point. Button 3 ends the line (see the next slide for more details).,Once you have set two points with Butto

19、n 1, the program will display a smoothed line as you press Button 1 and drag the cursor. When you release Button 1, that segment of the line is set. This is a good way to preview the line segment before digitizing it.,9-23,Drawing Segments (continued),To end the line, press Button 3 for the popup me

20、nu, and select End to terminate the line, or End and Snap to move the last point on the segment to the closest line. Usually you use End and Snap to snap a surface segment to a fault.,9-25,Editing Segments,You often need to edit fault and surface segments. Several techniques are provided to allow fo

21、r this. These techniques include: Reshaping Segments Breaking Segments Extending Segments Smoothing Segments Deleting grids are saved. If you exit the edit mode without first regridding and saving the newgrid to the database, all the contour editing you have done is lost.,9-51,Editing Maps: Typical

22、Display,Notice that contours can extend beyond the maps specified area of interest, contour labels are enlarged, and fault polygons can be drawn based on fault heave arrows.,9-52,Building Fault Polygons,Fault polygons define the location of the fault on the basemap and the width of the gap. You must

23、 draw them manually, but the software provides aids in the form of apparent fault heave arrows. To enter the edit mode display the contour map you want to edit select Mapping Edit from the menubar,9-53,Displaying Fault Heave Arrows,Fault heave arrows are generated when you define a fault segment on

24、a cross section. Fault heave arrows indicate the amount of apparent heave and direction of down-thrown side for the fault at that line of section. Fault heave arrows are automatically displayed in MapView when you enter the edit mode.,9-54,Drawing Fault Polygons,You draw fault polygons with a series

25、 of button presses: Button 1 sets points at the center of the fault. Button 2 deletes points. Button 3 sets heave and direction, and closes the polygon. As you click and move the cursor, two lines are drawn. The distance between those two lines represents the fault heave at that point.,9-55,Setting

26、Fault Heave and Direction,By default, the first input point has a heave of zero. The amount and direction of heave at other points is determined by the fault heave arrow or set by you. To set the heave amount and direction after digitizing the first point, press Button 3 for the popup menu and selec

27、t Set Parameters. When the Fault Point Parameters dialog box appears, enter the desired values for heave and direction.,Apparent Heave amount is specified in map units (feet or meters). Apparent Heave Direction is specified in degrees, with 0 representing due north. Arrow points to the downthrown si

28、de.,9-56,Closing the Fault Polygon,To end the polygon, press Button 3 for the popup menu, and select one of these options: End at Point- closes the polygon by drawing both sides together at the last input point (zero heave). End- closes the polygon but maintains the heave at the last input point as

29、is.,9-57,Editing Fault Polygons,You can Create Reshape Extend Delete fault polygons. You can also rename fault heave arrows (that is, you can assign them to a different fault).,9-58,Incorporating Fault Polygons in the Grid,A Combined Fault Set Name must be entered. Otherwise, StratWorks will not inc

30、lude faults when gridding and contouring.,To grid and contour using faults, the faults interpreted in the Mapping Editor must be converted into fault sets (polygon files).,9-60,Working with Fault Sets,One fault polygon is interpreted in the Mapping Editor, and saved to the database.,The surface is g

31、ridded and contoured using the original pointset. Faults are included. The Interpreted (by Priority) fault set is selected. This fault set always contains faults current with the faults defined in the Mapping Editor. The fault polygon is named Interpreted SW.,9-60,Working with Fault Sets (contd),The

32、 new contour map incorporating the Interpreted SW fault polygon is displayed,Interpreted SW is saved as an available fault set, attached to your interpreters ID. At this point, Interpreted (by Priority) and Interpreted SW are the same.,9-61,Working with Fault Sets (contd),The original pointset is gr

33、idded and contoured using only the fault polygon imported fromZ-MAP Plus.,The original pointset can be gridded and contoured using only this new fault polygon, or gridded and contoured using both the new and old fault polygons.,9-61,Working with Fault Sets (contd),Note: Imported fault sets must be “

34、converted” before they can be used and displayed in the Mapping Editor.,The original pointset is gridded and contoured using both fault polygon files. A new polygon file (called Interpreted SW and Z+) that contains both the SW and Z-MAP Plus fault polygons is created.,9-62,Working with Fault Sets (c

35、ontd),In order to display and use an imported fault polygon in the Mapping Editor, the imported fault polygon must be taken through the Mapping Convert Fault Sets option.,9-62,Working with Fault Sets (contd),At this point, selecting either - Interpreted (by Priority)-Interpreted SW and Interpreted Z-MAP Plus, or- Interpreted SW and Z-MAP Plus would produce the same result.,9-63,Exercise: Drawing Fault Polygons,9-64 to 9-71,9-72,Merging Fault Polygons,Merging enables you to clip one f