B级解题技巧语法.ppt

1、语法,PRETCO B级解题技巧,词汇与结构,PRETCO B级解题技巧,(一)考纲浏览根据高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲(B级)，此考试的主要目的在于考核考生的语言知识、语言技能和使用英语处理一般业务和涉外交际的基本能力。运用语法知识的能力作为其中的一项重要技能被纳入考核范围。大纲对该题型的测试内容、测试形式和测试目的做了说明。,1测试内容主要测试词汇用法、句法结构和词形变化。 2测试形式本部分包括两节：多项选择和用单词的适当形式填空。多项选择为客观试题，要求考生从四个正确程度不等的选项中选择最合适的一个，用以补充完整题干所提供的不完整的英语句子。用单词的适当形式填空为主观试题，要求考生写出题

2、干中所提供的英语单词的适当形式。 3测试目的测试考生运用语法知识的能力。,(二)全真试题命题特点及应试策略 1命题特点分析 历年试卷对基本语法知识点覆盖面广。但是对不同语法项目的考查频率不尽相同。考查词义辨析(34次)、从句(18次)、动词词组(17次)、时态(10次)和非谓语动词(9次)的题目出现的频率较高，是高等学校英语应用能力考试(B级)语法部分的测试重点。其中词义辨析、从句等题目类型几乎每次考试必考，少则1题，多则3、4题。 语法结构的第二部分要求考生用单词的适当形式填空，所考查的主要语法项目与第一部分基本相同。从频率上看，考查次数最多的是动词、名词(包括动名词)之间的转换和时态、语态

3、,2真题例解(1)从句从句在语法部分考试中所占比重最大，共出现l8次。从句主要有三种：名词性从句(主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从旬)，形容词性从句(定语从句)，副词性从句(状语从句)。 例l：Few peopleapplied for the position meet the requirements of the company A. whom B. who C. what D. whose 例2：The factMary was late for the meeting again made me angryA. that B. why C. what D. which,(2)动

4、词词义辨析其次是动词词义辨析。对于此类题，首先需要弄清句子的含义和逻辑，力求填入的动词词义能够使得句意通顺、逻辑合理。因为一般一个完整的句子结构是“主语+谓语成分”，因此了解谓语动词的意义、用法及其搭配等，都会对解题有相当大的帮助。 例3：She hasher mind and is going to Canada instead of Japan Achanged Bexchanged Cdecided Dmade,(3)动词词组经常考查到的还有动词词组。主要是考查某些核心动词，如turn，make，look，put，get，take，give，cut，go，break，pass等组成的动词

5、词组。在出现考查动词词组时，应根据句意和逻辑选择正确远项。 例4：The Blacksthe idea of going abroad for the summer holiday(20021T18)Agave up Bgave away Cgave in Dgave off,(4)时态时态的考查以过去完成时、现在完成时、将来完成时等为主；遇到考查时态的题目时，应首先判断是简单句还是复合句抑或并列句。如果是简单句，通常可以由句首或句尾的时间副词决定时态。 例5：The policeman stopped the driver and found that healcoholAdrinks Bh

6、as drunk Cis drinking Dhad drunk 例6：Hardly had we gathered in the square when it (begin)to rain,(5)非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考查(9次)主要集中在考查分词作后置定语和状语上。分词可以放在名词之前或之后作定语，分别被称为前置定语和后置定语，而后者则为测试的重点。现在分词(-ing)和过去分词(ed)都可以被用作后置定语，现在分词多以短语的形式出现，表示进行或瞬问的动作和状态，一般跟其修饰的名词或代词间是主动关系。过去分词常表示完成或被动意义，即谓语动词的动作之前的动作，过去分词作后置定语与其修饰的中

7、心词之间为被动关系。,例7：While in London，the young engineer picked up some EnglishAstaying Bstay Cstayed Dto stay 例8：(work)as a team，the foreign and Chinese engineers cooperated closely and successfully,(6)虚拟语气虚拟语气考查的次数虽然不多，但是由于其在语法中是较为复杂的一部分，比较容易丢分。不过B级语法部分所涉及的虚拟语气的考查内容以虚拟语气的基本用法为主，因此在备考时必须把这些基本形式牢记在心。 例9：The

8、 manager required that all the employeesat the office before 9：00 in the morningAwill arrive Barrive Carrived Dhave arrived,例10：If I (not drink)so much coffee yesterday afternoon，I would have been able to sleep well last night,(7)特殊句式和结构特殊句式和结构的考查中考查部分倒装和强调句型的试题数量最多，各为2次。对于部分倒装，考查的主要是表否定意义的词或短语出现在句首

9、时的部分倒装结构或“sothatsuchthat”中“sosuch”放在句首时的倒装结构。,例11：Seldommy boss in such good mood since I came to work in this company AI saw BI have seen Chave I seen Ddo I see 例l2：It was in China signed Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dwhat,(三)复习提示结合高等学校英语应用能力考试(B级)语法部分的命题特点，建议广大考生在复习备考的过程中遵循以下原则 1把握重点，建立框架意识根据以上所谈到的B级考试语法部分

10、的命题特点，大家应重点复习时态、非谓语动词、从句、虚拟语气和倒装结构等语法，尤其是和动词相关的一系列用法(如非谓语动词，不定式，动词词组辨析和动词词义辨析等)。了解英汉结构的差异，注意减少母语(汉语)对英语学习的影响。另外，大家更应该清楚各个语法之间并不是孤立的，而是相互联系的一个有机整体，因此同一个句子中常会涉及多个语法点。这就要求我们在学习语法时不仅要掌握每一个语法点的内容，同时也要在各个语法点之间建立有效的联系，从而在解答语法题目时，可以顺藤摸瓜，找到相关语法的细节考点，凭理论解决具体的问题。,2培养语感，注重实际应用语法项目不是孤立的理论，语法只有在具体的语篇中才更能突显它的意义。大家

11、应该通过阅读英语语篇，培养良好的英语语感，加深对所学语法知识的理解，培养运用语法知识的能力。同时，结合语篇学习语法，也可以加强对所学语法内容的记忆。 3适当练习，熟悉出题形式为了更好地适应考试，考生应该适时适量地做一些真题和模拟题，在巩固所学习或复习的语法知识的同时熟悉出题形式，培养良好的应考能力。更为重要的是，应该格外注意对自己做错的题目做总结和分析。结合答案和分析，彻底搞清出错原因，找到弱点，在以后的学习和考试中做到有的放矢，举一反三。,语法,虚拟语气,If 条件句中的虚拟,表示坚持、命令、建议、要求句中的虚拟,Wish 宾语从句中的虚拟,It is +adj.+ that 中的虚拟,It

12、 is (about, high) time that 中的虚拟,虚拟语气,e.g.: If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If he had hurried ,he could have caught the train. If I were to go abroad ,I would go to America.,If I were you, I would work harder at my lessons. If I had known his telephone number, I would have called him. If

13、it should were to rain, we would call off the match.,使用虚拟条件句要注意：,当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整 If you had followed my advice , you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.,1. 用于表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的宾语从句。 insist / ord

14、er, command / suggest, advise, propose, recommend/ require, request, demand We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.,表示坚持、命令、建议、要求句中的虚拟,2. 在表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等一类名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should动词原形”should可以省略 order / suggestion, proposal, advice, recommen

15、dation / request, requirement My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others. We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.,3. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required. that-clause句型中

16、从句用(should )+动词原形 It is demanded that we should work out a plan.,注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. The man insisted that he had never stolen the money,一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为： 表现在过去时 表过去过去完成时 表将来would, might,

17、 could动词原形 I wish (that) I were a bird. I wish (that) I had seen the film last night. I wish (that) I wouldcould go.,Wish 宾语从句中的虚拟,在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语 动词用： should + 动词原形 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. Its natural that she should

18、 do so. Its important that we should take good care of the patient.,It is +adj. + that 中的虚拟,1. It is (high / about ) time that从句中的谓语动词用过去式 It is high time that you went school.,It is (about, high) time that 中的虚拟,1. If only 引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊)表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态 If only I knew the answer! If

19、 only I had seen the film yesterday!,虚拟语气的其它应用,2. as if ( as though) 看起来常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done). He treats the boy as if he were his own son. He spoke as if he had known about it,虚拟语气的其它应用,3. would rather + 从句表示现在或将来的情况,应用过去式; 表示过去的情况, 用过去完成时态 I would rather you told me the t

20、ruth. I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.,虚拟语气的其它应用,4. 情态动词+ have done could have done 本来可以- - - might have done 本来可能 - - - should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - - shouldnt / ought not to have done 本不该做 neednt have done 本不必做 - - - would have done 本来会去做,虚拟语气的其它应用,You shouldnt have told her

21、 the truth . I didnt have enough money, otherwise I would have bought that book.,虚拟语气 例句： 1.The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members_ the new safety rules. A) observed B) will observe C) would observe D) observe 2. I think its high time we _strict measures to stop pollution. A)

22、 will take B) take C) took D) have taken,3. My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the problem A) will set up B)are to set up C) set up D) must set up 4. It is strange that the little boy _ speak two foreign languages. A. could B. can C. should D. would 5. He gave orders that the expe

23、riment _ before 5:30pm. A. be finished B.will finish C. must be finished,6. He must have had an accident，or _ then A) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here 7. It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been made A) is not started B) will n

24、ot be started C) not be started D) is not to be started,8. Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been 9. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A. would B. should have C. may D. have 10. The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong an

25、d _ free. A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set,动词的时态和语态,英语句子中，谓语动词有两种语态。即主动语态（主语是动作的执行者）和被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。 被动语态的构成：“be过去分词”（be是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与系动词be相同）。,语态,语态,语态,1、将主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如宾语是人称代词须变为主格) 2、将主动结构的谓语动词变为：be过去分词形式（be应依原句时态变化） 3、将主动结构的主语变为由b

26、y引起的短语后置。（如主语是人称代词须变为宾格；不强调动作的执行者或无法说明动作的执行者时，by短语常可省去）,一主动语态变被动语态的方法。,1、主谓宾型：将句中的宾语转为被动语态句中的主语。,2、主+谓+宾+补型：将句中的宾语转为被动语态句中的主语，宾语补语不能变为主语，保持相对位置不变（即置于被动语态句谓语动词的后面），此时称为主语补足语。,注意：在see, watch, notice, observe; hear, listen to; feel; let, make, have 等动词后的宾补若是不定式，要省略to，但变为被动语态后，作主补时则要加上to。,3、主语+谓语+双宾语型：

27、通常把间接宾语（人）变为被动语态的主语。若把 直接宾语（物）变为被动句主语，常在保留宾语前 加上介词to或for。,1. 一般现在时： am/is/are done 2. 一般过去时：was/were done 3. 一般将来时：will be done 4. 现在进行时：am/is/are being done 5. 过去进行时：was/were being done 6. 现在完成时： have/has been done 7. 过去完成时： had been done 8. 含情态动词：can be done,E.g. You are invited to give us a talk

28、in English. Sixty people were employed in this big factory last year. You will be asked a lot of strange questions. This view has been challenged by a number of workers.,1. 被动语态的否定 在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not；如： This point has not been covered yet. Trees should not be planted in summer. 2. 被动语态的否定一般疑问句 把第一个助动

29、词或情态动词提到主语之前， 如：Can this bike be mended in an hour？,3. 含有短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，不要漏 掉其后的介词或副词。如： We must take good care of the boy. - The boy must be taken good care of. She will put up a note on the wall. - A note will be put up on the wall.,4.区别被动语态结构与系表结构：被动语态表示动作，系表结构中的-ed分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态，此时过去分词可看作已变为“形容

30、词”。 The door was locked by Jim when he left the office. The door is locked. The cup was broken by Tom. The cup is broken.,1）不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时： You are wanted on the phone. 2）要强调动作的承受者时： History is made by the people. 3）在科技报道、学术论文等正式文体： In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before th

31、e year 1400.,1. “get+及物动词的过去分词”结构 get 常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress 等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。多出现于非正式用语中，强调动作的结果，而非动作本身。并常表示突发的偶然事件。如： He got hurt in an accident. The window got broken. They got caught in the storm.,2. “情态动词+be+过去分词”结构 结构为： 一般式：情态动词+be+过去分词 完成式：情态动词+

32、have been+过去分词 如：This can be done by hand. This must be kept in mind. I ought to be criticized for it. All this has to be solved with great care. Such a situation could have been changed.,综合练习： 1A great deal of research _ into the possible cause of cancer in recent years. A. has been done B. will be

33、 done C. was done D. is done 2. Those who have applied for the post _ in the office. A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewing,4. If one _ by pride, one will reject useful advice and friendly assistance. A. overcame B. have been overcome C. is overcome D. wil

34、l overcome 5.When the soldier came to, he found he _ by an old woman. A. looked after B. was looking after C. was being looked after D. had looked after,时态,时态,时态,时态,一、现在完成时的构成： 主动： have (has)+ done (过去分词) 被动：have (has)+ been done (过去分词),二、现在完成时的用法 1. 现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态

35、发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have lost my wallet. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table. (含义是:已可以吃饭了.) Michael has been ill. (含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地),2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for, since及介词短语：during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks) / in recent ye

36、ars等连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.,下列句型中常用现在完成时： It is (has been) 一段时间 since从句 This (That / It) is the first (second) time that现在完成时 This (That / It) is the onlythat现在完成时 This (That / It) is the best / finest

37、 / most interesting that现在完成时。 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming,(2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come,一、过去完成时的构成： 主动：h

38、ad + done(过去分词) 被动：had + been done,二、过去完成时的基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。,（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 例如： I had been at the

39、 bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。,More Examples: (1) By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. (2) When Jack arrived, Mary had been away(离开) for almost an hour. (3) I had hoped to send him(本打算送给他的) a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. (4) We had no

40、 sooner been seated than the bus started. No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.,(5)It was the second time that he had been out with her. (6) We arrived earlier than we had expected.,构成： 主动：will/shall have + done (过去分词) 被动： will/shall have + been done (过去分词) 将来完成时指预见或计划将来某时刻之前已完成的动作 You

41、will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow.,1. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding 2. By the end of the year all bu

42、t two people _. A) have left B) will leave C) will be leaving D) will have left,3. Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _ by about 10%. A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising 4. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted,5. My train arrives in New York at eight oclock. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then. A) would leave B) will have left C) h