Bakhtin.ppt

1、Mikhail Bakhtin,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,2,Introduction, (1895-1975) Russian thinker, philosopher, literary critic, linguist and semiotician “the most important Soviet thinker in the area of human sciences and the greatest literary theorist of the 20th century” (Todorov),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,3,P

2、rimary works,Toward a Philosophy of the Act Problems of Dostoevskys Art (Problems of Dostoevskys Poetics) Rabelais and His World The Dialogic Imagination “Epic and Novel” “From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse” “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel” “Discourse in the Novel” Speech

3、Genres and Other Late Essays,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,4,Biography,1895: born in Oryol, Russia 1913: joined a local university 1918: moved to western Russia, worked as a school teacher, “Bakhtin Circle” 1919: Art and Responsibility 1920: relocated to Vitebsk 1921: married Elena Okolovich 1923: diagno

4、sed with born disease 1924: moved to Leningrad, Historical Institute 1929: Problems of Dostoevskys Art, sentenced to exile,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,5,Biography,1936: taught at Mordovian Pedagogical Institute, Saransk 1937: moved to Kimry 1938: leg amputation 1940: Moscow, submitted a dissertation on

5、 Rabelais 1946, 1949: dissertation defense, denied doctorate, invited back to Saransk 1957: head of the Department of Russian and World Literature 1961: forced to retire 1969: moved back to Moscow 1975: died in Moscow,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,6,Important works and theories (1),Toward a Philosophy of

6、 the Act (1919-1921, 1986) Uniqueness of ones participation in Being: I both actively and passively participate in Being. My uniqueness is given but it simultaneously exists only to the degree to which I actualize this uniqueness. Because I am actual and irreplaceable I must actualize my uniqueness.

7、,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,7,Architectonic model of the human psyche: I-for-myself I-for-the-other Other-for-me Identity does not belong merely to the individual, rather it is shared by all.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,8,Problems of Dostoevskys Art (Problems of Dostoevskys Poetics 1929, 1984) Unfinaliza

8、bility Polyphony Carnival,Important works and theories (2),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,9,Unfinalizability,Individual people cannot be finalized, completely understood, known, or labeled. Every person is influenced by others in an inescapably intertwined way, and consequently no person can be said to be

9、 isolated.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,10,“one cannot even really see ones own exterior and comprehend it as a whole, and no mirrors or photographs can help; our real exterior can be seen and understood only by other people, because they are located outside us in space, and because they are others.”,20

10、20/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,11,Polyphony,“A plurality of independent and unmerged voices and consciousnesses” Each character represents a voice that speaks for an individual self, distinct from others. “The essence of polyphony lies precisely in the fact that the voices remain independent.”,2020/8/3,Mikh

11、ail Bakhtin,12,Carnival,The context in which distinct individual voices are heard, flourish and interact together. The carnival creates the threshold situations where regular conventions are broken or reversed and genuine dialogue becomes possible.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,13,Carnival represents “th

12、e disunification of what has traditionally been linked, and the bringing together of that which has been traditionally kept distant and disunified.”,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,14,The notion of carnival - a way of describing Dostoevskys polyphonic style: each individual character is strongly defined, a

13、nd at the same time the reader witnesses the critical influence of each character upon the other. Seeds of polyphonic novel: narratologic and character voices are set free to speak subversively or shockingly, but without the writer of the text stepping between character and reader.,2020/8/3,Mikhail

14、Bakhtin,15,Important works and theories (3),The Dialogic Imagination (1930s, 1981) Dialogism Heteroglossia Chronotope,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,16,Dialogism,The presence and interaction between different voices in a discourse. Dialogue exists between characters, writer and reader, and texts,2020/8/3,

15、Mikhail Bakhtin,17,-人要是上了年纪，容易缺铁。 -那快喝朴雪口服液啊。,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,18,如果你是喜爱文学、旅游的女性，又愿意与有相同兴趣、在上海某大学就读的30岁男博士生交朋友，请电139*。,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,19,出路 - 王菲 听说1999年是世界末日 到时候我们一定要结婚 并且有个孩子 在他还没做太多坏事之前 让上帝把他带进天堂 也许我们也能沾光 我有很多问题 解决不了的问题 我缺乏耐性 没什么事能让我满意 我常得罪人 这好像是天生的本领 我讨厌当明星 又希望引人注意 我唯一相信爱情 渴望有个幸

16、福家庭 可算命说我们的婚姻并无那么如意 说你到四十岁的时候会有外遇 这让我担心 真令人担心 我想找条出路 到底有没有出路 我信佛 这有没有帮助 我试图接近幸福 可什么是幸福 我概念模糊,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,20,She said she loved Bach. So did Hutton. That was the bond between them, and Hutton (a very bad poet) felt that Mrs Dalloway was far the best of the great ladies who took an intere

17、st in art. It was odd how strict she was. About music she was purely impersonal. She was rather a prig! But how charming to look at! She made her house so nice, if it werent for her Professors. Clarissa had half a mind to snatch him off and set him down at the piano in the back room. For he played d

18、ivinely. (Mrs. Dalloway),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,21,The dialogic work carries on a continual dialogue with other works of literature and other authors. Dialogic literature is in communication with multiple works. The dialogue extends in both directions. The previous work of literature is as altered

19、 by the dialogue as the present one is.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,22,好个国民党政府的“友邦人士”！是些什么东西！（鲁迅”友邦惊诧”论） Let us give new meaning to the words written in the ancient Book of Rights what you call the Li Ji: “When the great way is followed, all under heaven will be equal.” (Bill Clintons speech in Xian),2

20、020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,23,I came, I saw, I clicked. 千古江山，英雄无觅，孙仲谋处。舞榭歌台，风流总被，雨打风吹去。斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年、金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。元嘉草草，封狼居胥，赢得仓皇北顾。四十三年，望中犹记，烽火扬州路。可堪回首，佛狸祠下，一片神鸦社鼓！凭谁问、廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？ （辛弃疾永遇乐 京口北固亭怀古）,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,24,For Bakhtin, all language - indeed, all thought - appears dialogic. “The

21、word in language is half someone elses. It becomes ones own only when the speaker populates it with his own intention, his own accent, when he appropriates the word, adapting it to his own semantic and expressive intention.”,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,25,“Any utterancemakes response to something and i

22、s calculated to be responded to in turn. It is but one link in a continuous chain of speech performances.” Dialogism is an inherent quality of language.,Intertextuality,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,26,Heteroglossia,Coexistence of distinct varieties within a single linguistic code. anothers speech in ano

23、thers language, serving to express authorial intentions but in a refracted way.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,27,Any language stratifies into many varieties: social dialects, characteristic group behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups, tendentious langu

24、ages, languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,28,All languages represent a distinct point of view on the world, characterized by its own meaning and values, and thus there are no neutral words. “collision between differing points of view” He

25、teroglossia: extralinguistic qualities of a language, e.g. perspective, evaluation, and ideological positioning.,Languages as points of view,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,29,又有贾政至帘外问安，贾妃垂帘行参等事。又隔帘含泪谓其父曰：“田舍之家，虽齑盐布帛，终能聚天伦之乐，今虽富贵已极，骨肉各方，然终无意趣！”贾政亦含泪启道：“臣，草莽寒门，鸠群鸦属之中，岂意得征凤鸾之瑞。今贵人上锡天恩，下昭祖德，此皆山川日月之精奇，祖宗之远德钟于一

26、人，幸及政夫妇。且今上启天地生物之大德， 垂古今未有之旷恩，虽肝脑涂地，臣子岂能得报于万一！惟朝乾夕惕，忠于厥职外，愿我君万寿千秋，乃天下苍生之同幸也。贵妃切勿以政夫妇残年为念，懑愤金怀，更祈自加珍爱。惟业业兢兢，勤慎恭肃以侍上，庶不负上体贴眷爱如此之隆恩也。 ”贾妃亦嘱“只以国事为重，暇时保养，切勿记念”等语。贾政又启：“园中所有亭台轩馆，皆系宝玉所题，如果有一二稍可寓目者，请别赐名为幸。”元妃听了宝玉能题，便含笑说：“果进益了。”贾政退出。贾妃见宝，林二人亦发比别姊妹不同，真是姣花软玉一般。因问：“宝玉为何不进见？”贾母乃启：“无谕，外男不敢擅入。”元妃命快引进来。小太监出去引宝玉进来，先

27、行国礼毕，元妃命他进前，携手拦于怀内，又抚其头颈笑道：“比先竟长了好些”一语未终，泪如雨下。 曹雪芹红楼梦,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,30,Chronotope,The spatio-temporal matrix, which governs the base condition of all narratives and other linguistic acts. the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature,2020/8/3,Mik