正反对比作文讲解.ppt

1、写作注意原则： 1、认真审题，即：审语境、审人称、审时 态 2、要紧扣主题，符合要求，首尾呼应 3、注意写作对象和语言风格，要有读者的 意识 4、要进行细致描写，有细节的支撑 5、要有主次之分， 详略得当 6、要力求内容新颖，必须符合逻辑 7、要做到思想健康，积极向上,切记： 1 审题要准；定位要清。 2 紧扣主题；首位呼应。 3 内容充实；详略得当。 4 合情合理；逻辑清晰。 5 语言简洁；交际得体。,1. fluency (语言）流利，流畅 2. clarity (思路）清晰，明确 3. coherence （上下文）呼应连贯 4.accuracy (用词）准确，精确 pleteness

2、（内容）完整,篇章结构 主题句引出全文的话题 支持句围绕话题展开讨论，用事实，理由，观点等来进行解释，说明或论证。 结束句对话题进行概括，总结归纳。,写作方法： 列举法-用事例说明主题可用表示顺序的示意词来突出每个实例。如： first, second, third, first, secondly, finally, the first thing (point) is, the second thing (point) is, the third thing(point) is, first of all, also, finally, one, another, the last,以事物

3、的重要性来排列顺序，可使文章层次清楚，重点突出。 如： for one thing, also, the worst thing is, first of all, apart from that, the most important is, for one thing, what is more, the most, one important, more importantly, the most important,one problem., another problem, the most serious problem,比较对比法： 比较通常是指对人或事物之间的相同 点进行分析。

4、 对比通常是侧重分析两者之间的不同点，利与弊。,写作方法通常有： 1）相同点-不同点分析A,A,A, B,B,B, 结构 2）A,B, A,B, A,B, 结构 （如内容较多，可逐点分析。）,Topic sentence whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks Supporting sentence 1 60% of the students are against the idea of the entrance fees. (A) to have a rest and enjoy themselves in the park

5、(A) to become necessary to build gates and walls, (A) to do harm to the appearance of the city.,Supporting sentence 2 40% think that fees should be charged (B) need money to pay gardeners and other workers (B) to buy plants and young trees. (B) fees should be charged low.,假定你是天津一中的留学生Alice2005年给你的朋友

6、Peter写封信，谈天津与伦敦的异同。 伦敦 天津 汽车靠左行 右行 很少乘车上班 骑车 阴天多 晴天多 每周五天工作日 每周工作五天 懂中文少 懂英文人多 学生较放松 学生学习勤奋,Dear Peter, Ive been here for half a year, Id like to tell you something about Beijing and London. In our country cars are driven on the left side of the road, but here on the right side. Many people go to wo

7、rk by car in London, while most people in Beijing go to work by bike. The climate in Beijing is better than ours, which is fine most of the time. But London has so many cloudy days. Workers in Beijing work five days a week just as those in London. Students here work hard at their lessons and a lot o

8、f people can speak English. Its a pity that students in our country dont make full use their time and few know Chinese. Thats all for today. Please write to me. yours, Alice,请你根据下面图表用英语写一篇短文，内容要包括以下两方面： 1。概括说明中美大学生的主要收入来源。 2。分析产生这种不同现象的可能原因。,Income * American *Chinese sources *students *students - P

9、arents *50% *90% - Part-time jobs * 35% *5% - scholarships *15% *5%,The income of the American and the Chinese students comes through almost the same channels:parents, part-time jobs and scholarships, but the percentage of each is quite different. Half the American students income is from their pare

10、nts, thirty-five percent from from part- time jobs, and fifteen from scholarships. Chinese students, on the other hand, get ninety percent of their income from their parents.,In my opinion, there are two main reasons for this. One is that Chinese parents care so much for their children that it is al

11、most unthinkable for students to live on their own. The other is that Chinese students have fewer chances to find part-time jobs.,英语写作中常见错误 1 Disagreements 2 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Sentence Fragments 4 Dangling Modifiers 5 Misuse Parts of Speech 6 Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns 7 Run on Sentence 8 T

12、rouble in Diction 9 Redundancy 10 Incoherence 11.Comprehensive Misusage),一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致,时态不一致及代词不一致等例 When one have money , he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants 应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型

13、的主谓不一致 (to do),二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末,三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这

14、种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.,四 悬垂修饰语（Danglin

15、g Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的

16、逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.,五 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.,六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或

17、者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know t

18、he society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.,七 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside w

19、orld.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world,八 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中

20、用词不当的错误比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to polluti

21、on.,九 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used

22、 to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为： Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.,十 不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is th

23、e most important thing in the world.,十一 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。,高三书面表达正反对比作文练习参考答案 练习： 请你以“中学生该不该进网吧上网”为题，根据下表中信息给报社记者写一封信，客观介绍讨论情况。,（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1 有一些人认为2 另一些人认为 3 我的看法 The topic of _（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently

24、. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of _（理由一）What is more, _(理由二). Moreover, _(理由三).,While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,_(理由一). Secondly (besides),_(理由二）. Thirdly (finally)

25、,_(理由三). From my point of view, I think _(我的观点). The reason is that _(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .,参考范文： Dear editor, The other day we had a heated discussion about whether middle school students should ente

26、r a net bar to surf online. 60% of the students think it should be forbidden. For one thing, surfing online or playing computer games is a waste of time. And it costs a lot of money to go to a net bar. For another, some students go to class during the day and surf online until deep into the night. A

27、s a result, they always feel sleepy in class. Besides, the content of some websites is harmful.,On the other hand, about 40% believe that the net is a good thing. On the net we can get some information useful in our study. The net can broaden (expand) our horizons, and through the internet we can ma

28、ke many new friends. It can help us to improve our skill in operating the computer. Of course, we should control ourselves while surfing online. Such is our discussion abut the question.,书面表达 目前有许多中学生利用周末上各种培训班或请家教补习。针对这种现象，学生们持两种不同观点：,请根据以上要点，写一篇词数为100左右的短文，并简要谈谈自己的观点。 参考词汇： 巩固 consolidate 培训班train

29、ing classes 家庭教师 tutors,参考答案： More and more middle school students are going to all kinds of training classes or having tutors at weekends. There are two different viewpoints about it. Some students think it necessary. Firstly, its more effective to study with a teacher than by themselves .Secondly,

30、 it can consolidate what is learnt in class. Besides, they can learn a lot more that cant be gained from textbooks. Others think it unnecessary .For one thing, students can easily form the habit of depending on others .For another, students need time to relax from time to time. Whats more, the only

31、purpose of many training classes and teachers is to make money.,In my opinion, whether a training class or a tutor is needed just depends. If you are really very weak at or interested in a certain subject, maybe its all right for you . But be sure to choose a good and suitable class or tutor, otherw

32、ise it would be a waste of time and money.,Beginning part : Nowadays many senior high students spend their weekends taking classes or learning with tutors. There are two different attitudes towards it. Recently a phenomenon of going to training classes or having a tutor at home have led to a heated

33、discussion Recently we have carried out a survey to find out whether its necessary to attend training classes or having a tutor at home. When it come to the topic whether student WhetherPoints varied among students.,Detailed sentences: Learning with the tutors help has a better result than learning

34、on their own. There are also more disadvantages, which have a bad influence on your grades. Only if you sleep enough , can you do well in your school work. Its easy to develop/form a bad habit of depending on others. In this way we can made rapid /great progress and study more efficiently than study

35、 alone.,A spare-time class may let you become more familiar with your school studies. , and, as a result, it can consolidate the knowledge learnt in class. Last but not least , we can learn more knowledge beyond books. There no single answer to the question. Transitional sentences: While others thin

36、k it is in vain. But others think we may depend on the training classes too much. As a result, we may not listen to the teacher attentively in class. But for me, I would rather choose the second one.,Imperfect sentences: It is too easy to depend on them but not ourselves. Some tutors and training cl

37、asses are on behalf of themselves. There many students use weekends to have training classes. It not only help our study nothing but also influence our sleep. The opinions mainly have two parts which as follows. It is well known that many training classes only make money as a goal. They have authori

38、ty to decide to go or not . Whats more we can consolidate all things what we learn in class.,It may easily develop/form the habit of depending on teachers, but not ourselves. Some tutors and training classes only aim to make money. There many students using (spending/who spend) weekends to have (having) training classes. It doesnt help our study, and whats worse it will affect our sleep. The opinions varies among them, which is as follows. It is widely/generally