托福写作——Syntactic variety.ppt

1、Syntactic variety,句子,You come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly. 爱一个人，并非因你发现她完美，而因为她的不完美在你的眼中很完美。,The worst part of life is waiting. The best part of life is having someone worth waiting for. 生活中最痛苦的事是等待，然而最美好的事是拥有值得等待的人。,How to write a grammatica

2、lly-correct sentence,主+谓+宾 主+系+表 定语 状语 补语,扩句法,1定语结构（寻找名词） 2状语结构 加时间 地点 加目的或原因（in order to do sth, and therefore, do sth.,加伴随状语( confronting unprecedented fierce competition) 3具体化原则,越来越多的父母把孩子送往国外。,More and more parents are sending their children to foreign countries.11,More and more wealthy parents

3、are sending their children who are not able to live all by themselves to foreign countries.21,More and more wealthy parents are sending their children who are not able to live all by themselves to foreign countries in order to let their offspring receive more advanced education, and therefore, engag

4、e them in a brighter future.（39）,Confronting unprecedented fierce competition, more and more wealthy parents are sending their children who are not able to live all by themselves to foreign countries in order to let their offspring receive more advanced education, and therefore, engage them in a bri

5、ghter future.,Confronting unprecedented fierce competition, more and more wealthy parents are sending their children who are not able to live all by themselves to foreign countries, such as United States of America, United Kingdom of England and Canada, in order to let their offspring receive more a

6、dvanced education, and therefore, engage them in a brighter future.,we donate what we have to all the victims of this natural calamity.,we donate what we have to all the victims of this natural calamity in order to help them out of crisis, and therefore, assist them to reconstruct their hometown.,Co

7、nfronting the unprecedented earthquake in Wenchuan, we donate what we have, such as food, drinks, clothes, money, and our wives and husbands to all the victims of this natural calamity in order to help them out of crisis, and therefore, assist them to reconstruct their hometown.,Confronting the unpr

8、ecedented earthquake in Wenchuan, we donate what we have to all the victims of this natural calamity in order to help them out of crisis, and therefore, assist them to reconstruct their hometown.,How to paraphrase a sentence,(1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式, 例如: 例1. Today, we use machines not only in industry but

9、 in other sectors of national economy as well. Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.,例2. Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future. It is believed by some people that it will

10、 be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.,(2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式,例1. I shall go there unless it rains. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 例2. Their daily lives dont provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy. Their daily lives fail to provide them with the

11、 exercise needed to keep them healthy.,(3) 某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 还可以用在中间, 例如: 例1. With a car, people can get around freely. People can get around freely with a car. 例2. In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication. Speaking ,in fact, is one of the most important means of c

12、ommunication.,(4) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序, 例如:,例1. A new type of TV sets was among the products on display. Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.,例2. We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century. Not until the end of last century did we realize the proble

13、m of energy crisis.,(5) 既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句, 例如:,例1. Nowadays a lot of people work in office, spending most of their time indoors. Nowadays a lot people work in office and they spend most of their time indoors.,例2. There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what

14、 is going on in the world. There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.,英语句式变化实例。,There be 句型的转化,例1. a. There are many people who prefer to go by bike, because they are not satisfied with bus service. b. The public preference for riding a

15、 bicycle reflects their dissatisfaction with bus service.,例2. a. There are more and more people who realize the close connection between energy and population. b. The close connection between energy and population is increasingly recognized.,例3. a. There are fewer and fewer green trees in many big c

16、ities while there are more and more concrete buildings. b. The number of concrete buildings in many big cities has enormously increased at the expense of green belts.,例4. a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films. b. Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.,例5. a. There

17、 are many people who complain of severe housing shortages. b. Housing shortages become the source of great complaint.,句式思维转变,People, I, you 人们开始讨论是否有取消考试的可能性。 People begin to discuss the possibility of abolishing examinations.,主观思维变客观思维,A spirited discussion springs up as to the possibility of aboli

18、shing examinations.,整个国家的人都极大地需求各种各样有营养的食物。,People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious foods. There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious foods.,人们应该意识到染上吸烟习惯的可怕后果。,People should realize the dreadful consequences of taking up the smoking ha

19、bit. The dreadful consequences of taking up the smoking habit should be realized by people. There should be a general awareness of the dreadful consequence of taking up the smoking habit.,we almost forget this event. 主观 客观 换This event is fading from our memory.,we will never forget this class. 换This

20、 class is firmly rooted in our minds.,主动变被动,少用第一，二人称 I would like to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of advertising.,The advantages and disadvantages of advertising will be discussed below.,If you do not pay attention to environmental problems, you would suffer huge loss sooner or later. If

21、 environmental problems are not given enough attention, the whole human race would suffer huge loss sooner or later,Because 的改写,例11.a. Because the decision recognizes the fact that students are trying to put an end to the cheating on the campus, so they will welcome it. b. Students all welcome the d

22、ecision which recognizes their effort to put an end to the cheating on the campus.,例12.a. Because one can not know what kind of knowledge will be more useful in the future, so he cannot make a sound choice in taking school courses. B .The inability to predict what particular piece of knowledge will

23、be more useful in the future prevents a person from making sound choice in taking school courses.,例13.a. Because many people desire to learn foreign languages, there appear many language schools. b. Many language schools are called into existence by the social demand for acquisition of foreign langu

24、ages.,例14.a. Because energy is becoming less and less, we have to find a way to solve this problem. b. Faced with growing shortages of energy, we have to find a solution to this problem.,例15.a. Because today is our teachers birthday we hold a party to show honor to him. b. We hold a party in honor o

25、f our teacher whose birthday is today.,If 类句型改写,例16.a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference. b. Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference.,例17.a. If we understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude tow

26、ards family planning. b. A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.,例18.a. If there is no waste nor pollution, man can certainly survive. b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no waste nor polluti

27、on.,例19.a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result. b. The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good result.,例20.a. If our parents dont control children strictly, their potentials will be fully developed. b. Free from the strict control by our parents, childrens po

28、tentials will be fully developed.,When 的句型改变,例21.a. When the old worker sees he is going to retire, he begins to worry very much. b. The mere prospect of retirement would set the old worker to worry very much.,例22.a. When our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended. b. The departure of ou

29、r teacher brought the heated discussion to an end.,例23.a. When there is a slight improvement in their childrens studies, the parents will feel happy and proud. b. The slightest improvement in their childrens studies will lead to their parents happiness and pride.,例24.a. Only when one rids himself of

30、 complacency can he learn something. b. One can not learn anything until he rids himself of complacency.,例25.a. Only when we make continuous efforts can we take an opportunity whenever it occurs. b. Continuous efforts must be made before it is possible to take an opportunity whenever it occurs.,With

31、 的句型改变,例26.a. With the development of science and technology, we can have a plentiful supply of food and commodities. b. The advance of science and technology has made it possible for us to have a plentiful supply of food and commodities.,例27.a. With the expansion of industry, natural resources are

32、gradually exhausted. b. The rapid expansion of industry leads to a progressive exhaustion of natural resources.,例28.a. With the improvement of standard of living, even ordinary families can afford color TV sets. b. Color TV sets are now within easy reach of ordinary families who have enjoyed the imp

33、roved standard of living.,In order to 句型改变,例29.a. In order to get a harmonious development for all students, school authorities should design a new program. b. School authorities should design a new program which will permit a harmonious development for all the students.,例30.a. In order to prevent t

34、he problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step. b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve.,例31.a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts. b. New efforts will bring China into a stable and pro

35、sperous nation.,More and more 句型替换,例32.a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV. b. People in increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.,例33.a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. b. Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.,例34.a. More

36、 and more teachers are needed with the development of economy. b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.,例35.a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city. b. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city.,例38.a. This society still makes women

37、 unable to enjoy the equal right to pay and promotion. b. Women are still denied the equal right to pay and promotion.,越来越多变得越来越富裕的人能够买得起越来越多的自行车,More and more people who become more and more wealthy can afford more and more bikes.,more and more+ n位于句首时,要把名词提前. n+ in increasing/amounting/expending +

38、number,more and more +adj 时,要改为 increasingly “越来越” more and more + n位于句子中间时,要改为surging number + of,People in amounting number who become increasingly wealthy can afford surging number of bikes.,例36.a. Family life makes me feel happy. b. Family life is a source of happiness to me.,例37.a. The incident

39、 makes me conclude that money doesnt mean everything. b. The incidents leads me to conclude that money does not mean everything.,强调句,It is_that 是你小子把鬼子引导这来的。 It is you that lead _here 空里填 Guizi Japanese soldiers Motherfucking Japanese soldiers,She read a book in the library yesterday.,It was she tha

40、t read a book in the library yesterday. It was a book that she read in the library yesterday.,It were two books that she read in the library yesterday. It was two books that she read in the library yesterday.,It was in the library that she read a book yesterday. It was yesterday that she read a book

41、 in the library.,强调方式-以旧带新,Education almost means controversy these days, with rising costs and constant complaints about its inadequacies. But the value of schooling should not be obscured by the controversy. The single best means of economic advancement, despite its shortcoming, remains education.

42、,Education almost means controversy these days, with rising costs and constant complaints about its inadequacies. But the controversy should not obscure the value of schooling. Education remains, despite its shortcomings, the single best means of economic advancement.,倒装句,1.全部倒装，即把谓语动词放在主语前面 如 Here

43、comes the bus. 2.部分倒装 把主语，谓语动词之间的两种词提到前面 情态动词might may should must 助动词 do be have 中间没词的时候，提前do的各种形式。,当句首为never rarely seldom hardly 时，则全句部分倒装 1.I have never seen a pig climbing trees. Never have I seen a pig climbing trees. 2.I rarely see him recently. Rarely do I see him recently.,当句首为介词短语表地点时，句子全部

44、倒装 eg:1.Jays music comes from the window. 改：From the window comes Jays music.,so that 主语+be so +形容+that 倒装为So+形+be+主+that Eg: The price is so high that we can not afford . 改：So high is the price that we can not afford. On no account should we do sth. Only in this way can we do sth,语言风格-具体与客观,定位角度 En

45、vironmentally speaking it is true that the dramatic increase in cars since the 1970s has been an unparalleled disaster. Environmentally speaking it would be true to say that - Environmentally speaking we could say that From the environmental point of view,其它方面的副词,Economically, commercially, culturally, morally, socially, financially, mechanically, ethically, politically, politically, physically, outwardly